Some Considerations on the Unity and Fragmentation of International Legal ُSystem
Aramesh
Shahbazi
مدرس دانشگاه و پژوهشگر حقوق بینالملل
author
text
article
2010
per
Presently, there exists no homogeneous system of international law. International law consists of various elements; different partial systems; and universal, regional, or even bilateral subsystems and subsubsystems of different levels of legal cohesion. All these parts interacting with one another create what may paradoxically be called a “decentralized system”, full of intra-systematic tensions, contradictions and frictions. The challenge is to find a balance between, the need for diversity and specialized regimes and solutions and also the importance of maintaining an overall framework or "system" of international law that offers a sufficient degree of security and coherence. Therefore the main focus of this paper is to analyze the concepts of unity and the fragmentation of international legal order. There is no single solution to the problem of conflict among the fragmentations of international law. Different solutions are needed for primary rules and for secondary rules, in particular in designing mechanisms of conflict avoidance and conflict solution. Although the international legal system already provides certain solutions to the problems discussed above, only when the international community is made fully aware of such problems can the disintegrative effect of fragmentation be eliminated.
International Law Review
Center for International Legal Affairs of the Presidency
2251-614X
26
v.
شماره 41 (پاییز و زمستان)
no.
2010
13
60
https://www.cilamag.ir/article_17284_ef271b08f20507f78db72d4a34dea397.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.2009.17284
A Comparative Study on the Notion and Effects of Good faith in
Formation, Interpretation and Performance of Contracts Yahya
Yahya
Ebrahimi
کارشناس ارشد حقوق خصوصی
author
text
article
2010
per
The principle of good faith and fair dealing has wide spread effects and consequences on many legal systems of the world especially in civil law countries. This rule explicitly recognized in the main international legal instruments like Principles Of International Commercial Contracts (Unidroit), Principles Of European Contract Law (PECL) and in domestic law of some countries, including Germany, Italy, France and United States. The effects of this rule are such extensive and obligatory that in accordance with the above- mentioned international instruments which make the basis for regulation of the majority of international trade relations, and despite the freedom of contracts principle, parties cannot agree on its contradiction or even limit its application.
International Law Review
Center for International Legal Affairs of the Presidency
2251-614X
26
v.
شماره 41 (پاییز و زمستان)
no.
2010
61
90
https://www.cilamag.ir/article_17285_94b6769a281de63de6f92d1bd6a667b5.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.2009.17285
The referral of Darfur Situation to ICC and its Suspension
Housein
Aghaei Janatmakan
استادیار گروه حقوق دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز
author
text
article
2010
per
With referral of Darfur situation following the report of the UN Commission of Inquiry, established by the Secretary General pursuant to SC Res. 1564(2004), to ICC prosecutor and issuance of the warrant of arrest against Sudna’s Omar al Bashir by pre-trial Chamber, International Community has faced a great challenge. Sudanese government and its supporters among Arab and African countries and also members of Islamic Conference Organization and some nonpermanent members of the Security Council opposed the warrant saying it would complicate the peace process in Sudan and might pose a threat to the international security. They request to defer the proceedings against Omar al-Basher under article 16 of the ICC. In contrast, ICC prosecutor and some permanent members of the Council as well as U.S. supported the issuance of the arrest warrant against Omar al Bashir and considered the request for suspension unjustified. This paper tries to echo the reactions of the states, international organizations and other international actors and at the same time discuss the possibility of a request by UN Security Council for deferring the proceedings against al Basher.
International Law Review
Center for International Legal Affairs of the Presidency
2251-614X
26
v.
شماره 41 (پاییز و زمستان)
no.
2010
91
110
https://www.cilamag.ir/article_17286_d8be27262b4320713c6097795368bfc1.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.2009.17286
Complimentarity of International Criminal Court: Development of
National Judicial Systems Against Impunity
Haleh
Hosseini Akbarnezhad
فارغالتحصیل کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بشر از دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی
author
text
article
2010
per
This article examines the concept of complementarity jurisdiction and its relation with national judicial systems, the concept leads to an interaction between international and national legal systems which are influential in ending impunity. Hence, complementarity does not put the Court in conflict with other domestic courts. The concepts of “ability” and “willingness” tend to ensure an indirect harmonization of national criminal systems based on common criteria. To this end, some states have adopted legislations for preventing the cases related to them not to be brought before the Court. Thus, complementarity creates strong incentives for adopting national legislation for criminalization of crimes falling under the jurisdiction of the court not only in states parties but also in non- parties states.
International Law Review
Center for International Legal Affairs of the Presidency
2251-614X
26
v.
شماره 41 (پاییز و زمستان)
no.
2010
111
142
https://www.cilamag.ir/article_17287_633476b41480cc81aba741ec02cabaf4.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.2009.17287
The Effects of State’s Ratification of the ICC Statute on National Laws
and Universal Jurisdiction
Masoemeh
Sadat MirMohammadi
. کارشناس ارشد حقوق بینالملل دانشگاه تهرانm
author
text
article
2010
per
The Effects of State’s Ratification of the ICC Statute on National Laws and Universal Jurisdiction
International Law Review
Center for International Legal Affairs of the Presidency
2251-614X
26
v.
شماره 41 (پاییز و زمستان)
no.
2010
143
174
https://www.cilamag.ir/article_17288_c6774de11ff52e5269dff182033165df.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.2009.17288
Le critéve celebici du cumul des declarations de culpabilité en droit
pénal international
Hadi
Azari
. دانشجوی دوره دکتری حقوق بینالملل در دانشگاه پاریس دو
author
text
article
2010
per
La question du cumul des qualifications criminelles se pose lorsqu’un fait unique tombe sous le coup de plusieurs qualifications juridiques. En droit pénal international, en raison de l’étendue de la définition de certains crimes internationaux, une catégorie d’actes criminels comme le meurtre, le viol ou la torture, entre autres, peut relever simultanément de la définition des différents crimes internationaux. Devant les tribunaux pénaux internationaux pour l’ex-Yougoslavie et le Rwanda, au vu de l’absence de règle statutaire en la matière, le critère retenu pour autoriser la condamnation multiple, avant l’arrêt Celebici, variait d’une affaire à l’autre. L’arrêt Celebici, rendu par la chambre d’appel, a mis un terme à la diversité des solutions retenues dans les jugements antérieurement rendus par les tribunaux ad hoc. Dans cet arrêt, la chambre d’appel a dégagé un critère, désormais approuvé par les tribunaux ad hoc dans les affaires ultérieures, à appliquer pour décider dans quel cas il est possible de prononcer ou confirmer des condamnations multiples à raison des mêmes faits sur la base des différentes dispositions statutaires.
International Law Review
Center for International Legal Affairs of the Presidency
2251-614X
26
v.
شماره 41 (پاییز و زمستان)
no.
2010
175
196
https://www.cilamag.ir/article_17289_39eeed6dae2ace96b8ef364e9c7ff250.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.2009.17289
Clauses compromissoires au cours d’évolution de droit des contracts
internationnaux du pétrole et le gaz
Reza
Arian Kia
دانشجوی دوره دکتری دانشگاه پاریس (سوربن)
author
text
article
2010
per
L’histoire de l’arbitrage international depuis la deuxième guerre mondiale et celle du droit des contrats pétroliers s’interpénètrent, voir se confondent. En effet, l’évolution effectuée en droit des contrats pétroliers, n’est en large mesure que le reflet des évolutions géopolitiques, qui ont profondément transformé les modes d’organisation et de fonctionnement de l’économie mondiale dans la seconde moitié de 20 siècles. Avec l’évolution réalisée dans ces accords, les procédures arbitrales choisies par les parties dans le cadre de leurs conventions et les structure des clauses d’arbitrage les définissants, ont également évolué. Quelque soit le formule contractuelle des pays hôtes, l’étude sur l’évolution de droit des accords pétroliers, démontre une évolution de clause ad hoc, aux clauses institutionnelles de l’arbitrage. Les anciens accords, qui prenaient le plus souvent la forme de concessions, comportaient des clauses ad hoc, parfois malaisée de mettre en œuvre. En revanche, la modernisation des pratique contractuelle entraient le recours aux règlements uniforme et utilisation de clause arbitrage institutionnelle telle que CCI, UNCITRAL, AAA et CIRDI. Par exemple, on peur mentionner la clause de l’arbitrage insérées dans les contrats pétroliers de l’Angola (CCI), le Gabon(CCI), le Maroc(CIRDI), et la Tunisie (CCI). Dans cet article, on va essayer d’abord de démontrer quelques traces de cette évolution de droit des accords pétrolier du régime concession au régime contractue. Ensuit, dans le cadre de la jurisprudence arbitrale et les problèmes liée à la mise en œuvre des clauses d’arbitrage « classique », la International Law Review (C.I.L.A), Vol. 41, Fall-Winter 2010 13 structure nouvelle de la pratique relative aux clauses arbitrage dans les contrats pétrolière « moderne », va être présenté.
International Law Review
Center for International Legal Affairs of the Presidency
2251-614X
26
v.
شماره 41 (پاییز و زمستان)
no.
2010
197
214
https://www.cilamag.ir/article_17290_b68f5b2d1bcce03cb3c6cb77e2ee951e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.2009.17290
International Community's Response to Piracy off Somalia and
Gulf of Aden
Mohammad
Ghorbanpour
دانشجوی مقطع دکتری حقوق بینالملل دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی
author
text
article
2010
per
Following the Somali government collapse in the 1990s and consequently growing pirates attacks on commercial vessels and noncommercial ships transferring humanitarian aids to Somali people, international community has faced with numerous problems. As a result of the emergence of these difficulties and worsening situation, UN Security Council issued several resolutions under Chapter 7 of UN Charter and determined that the incidents of piracy and armed rubbery at sea in the waters of the coast of Somalia exacerbate the situation in Somalia which continues to constitute a threat to international peace and security in the region. Although, these resolutions frequently declared that the states extraordinary rights and duties in this regard shall not be considered as establishing a customary international law, but states practices especially in arrest, prosecution and trial of pirates are going to establish a new international law on combating piracy which is beyond the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea.
International Law Review
Center for International Legal Affairs of the Presidency
2251-614X
26
v.
شماره 41 (پاییز و زمستان)
no.
2010
215
242
https://www.cilamag.ir/article_17291_c62a26bd21afb3b98ffcaa28fe935aff.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.2009.17291
Exploration and Development of Iran’s Oilfields Through Buyback
Abdolhossein
Shiravi
عضو هیأت علمی و دانشیار دانشگاه تهران
author
Nasrollah
Ebrahimi
عضو هیأت علمی دانشگاه تهران و مذاکرهکننده ارشد قراردادهای بینالمللی شرکت ملی نفت ایران
author
Mojtaba
Asgharian
دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بینالملل دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
author
text
article
2010
per
The use of buyback for the development of oil and gas fields is an established mechanism in Iran. Current legislation authorizes the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) to use buyback for both exploration and development. The buyback scheme can be defined as a risk service contract, under which the contractor is paid back by being allocated a portion of oil/gas produced as a result of providing services. Buyback is based upon a defined scope of work, a capital cost ceiling, a fixed remuneration fee and a defined cost recovery period. When buyback is used for both exploration and development, the specifications of the field to be developed are unknown at the time of contracting and therefore agreement on the scope of work, duration of development operations, ceiling for capital costs, fixed remuneration fee, and duration of cost recovery need to be deferred to the time when a commercial field is discovered. This article first outlines the introduction of buyback for development of Iran’s oil and gas fields. It then examines the main features of the mechanism. Third, the use of buyback for both exploration and development is explored and related challenges discussed. Finally, the article reviews the new buyback model proposed by NIOC to address these challenges.
International Law Review
Center for International Legal Affairs of the Presidency
2251-614X
26
v.
شماره 41 (پاییز و زمستان)
no.
2010
243
262
https://www.cilamag.ir/article_17292_cff71277d3192c4fbcb09df73addaeb9.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.2009.17292
International Investment Treaties and the Formation, Application and Transformation of Customary International Law Rules
Kay
Kong Yan
استادیار حقوق بینالملل دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه زیامن جمهوری خلق چین
author
Translator: Hojjat
Salimi Torkamani
دانشجوی دوره دکتری حقوق بینالملل دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی
author
text
article
2010
per
International Law Review
Center for International Legal Affairs of the Presidency
2251-614X
26
v.
شماره 41 (پاییز و زمستان)
no.
2010
263
291
https://www.cilamag.ir/article_17293_6898f4fb6ff9d0c2b83b50aa567c6662.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.2009.17293
The Interplay between the WTO and the RTAs: Is It A Question of Interrelation between Different Sources of International Law?
Alberta
Fabbricotti
Researcher in International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Rome
author
Translator: Farzad
Mehrani
کارشناس ارشد حقوق بینالملل
author
text
article
2010
per
International Law Review
Center for International Legal Affairs of the Presidency
2251-614X
26
v.
شماره 41 (پاییز و زمستان)
no.
2010
293
319
https://www.cilamag.ir/article_17365_9ee5e9ab285c3ec36d348e5439938975.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.2009.17365
The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts and the Harmonization of International Sales Law
Michael
Joachim Bonell
استاد دانشگاه رُم I (La Sapienza) و مشاور اصول مؤسسه یکنواخت کردن حقوق خصوصی (UNIDROIT) درباره قراردادهای تجاری بینالمللی
author
Mostafa
Elsan
پژوهشگر حقوق خصوصی
author
text
article
2010
per
International Law Review
Center for International Legal Affairs of the Presidency
2251-614X
26
v.
شماره 41 (پاییز و زمستان)
no.
2010
321
335
https://www.cilamag.ir/article_17366_4fbf2b46369f043ed911e1cae9f60af0.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.2009.17366
Rejecting Renvoi for Movable Cultural Property: The Islamic Republic of Iran v. Denyse Berend
Derek
Fincham
author
Translated by Sousan
Cheraghchi
کارشناس حقوقی ذیربط پرونده سر سرباز هخامنشی در اداره کل حقوقی و املاک سازمان میراث فرهنگی، صنایع دستی و گردشگری.
author
text
article
2010
per
International Law Review
Center for International Legal Affairs of the Presidency
2251-614X
26
v.
شماره 41 (پاییز و زمستان)
no.
2010
337
347
https://www.cilamag.ir/article_17367_febd8176bce523efb3b2183cd27d00fb.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.2009.17367