Deviation doctrine is a famous doctrine in maritime law and marine insurance, according to which geographical deviation of carrier leads to various effects: Justifiable deviation constitutes a cause of exception of liability of the carrier; unjustifiable deviation aggravates the liability of carrier. In marine insurance, unjustifiable deviation discharges the insurer. International conventions, often, contain some provisions on justifiable deviation, but are silent about unjustifiable deviation. There are, thus, some controversies about the effects of unjustifiable deviation in national laws. In common law, such deviation aggravates the liability of carrier. In French law, it does not affect the liability of carrier per se. It seems that the common law approach is more acceptable in Iranian law as, on the one hand, it constitutes a lex maritima and is, on the other hand, similar to the Sharia position regarding the liability of bailees. In this article, the effects of justifiable and unjustifiable deviation have been examined in international conventions, Iranian, English, French and American laws. Besides, this article reviews liberty clauses and the effects of deviation in marine insurance under two separate sections.
ایزانلو، محسن؛ شروط ساقط‌کننده و محدود‌کننده مسئولیت در قراردادها، شرکت سهامی انتشار، 1382.
کاتوزیان، ناصر؛ حقوق مدنی، عقود معین، جلد 4، عقود اذنی ـ وثیقه‌های دین، شرکت سهامی انتشار، 1389.
نجفی اسفاد، مرتضی؛ حقوق دریایی، سمت، 1393.
ب) عربی
حسینی عاملی، سید محمدجواد؛ مفتاح‌الکرامه فی شرح قواعدالعلامه، جلد 2، چاپ سنگی، مؤسسه آل‌البیت، بی‌تا.
شهید ثانی، زین‌ا‌لدین بن علی؛ مسالک‌الافهام فی شرح شرایع‌الاسلام، مؤسسه معارف اسلامی، 1414 هـ .ق.
حلی، فخرالدین ابوطالب محمد بن حسن بن یوسف معروف به فخرالمحققین؛ ایضاح‌الفوائد فی شرح مشکلات‌القواعد، مؤسسه تحقیقات و نشر معارف اهل‌البیت(ع)، اصفهان، جلد 2، 1387.
کرکی، علی بن حسین؛ جامع‌المقاصد فی شرح‌القواعد، مؤسسه ال‌البیت، 1410 هـ .ق.
نجفی، شیخ محمدحسن؛ جواهر‌الکلام فی شرح شرایع‌الاسلام، دارالکتب‌الاسلامیه، 1394 هـ. ق.
Force (Robert), Admiralty and Maritime Law, Federal Judicial Center, 2004.
Bennet (Howard), Law of Marine Insurance, 2nd Ed., Oxford, 2007.
Dockray (Martin) and Reece Thomas (Katherine), Cases & Materials on the Carriage of Goods by Sea, 3rd Ed., Cavendish, 2004.
Hubbarad (Jerry), Deviation in Contracts of Sea Carriage: After the Demise of FundamentalBreach, Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, n. 16, 1986.
McNair (William Lennox), Mocatta (Alan Abraham) & Mustill (Michael J.), Scrutton on Charterparties and Bills of Lading, 17th Ed., Sweet & Maxwell, 1964.
Teritel (G. H.), The Law of Contract, Sweet & Maxwell, 1995.
Wilson, Carriage of Goods by Sea, (Jean), Carriage of Goods by Sea, 7th Ed., Longman, 2010.
Yates (David), Exclusion Clauses in Contracts, Sweet & Maxwell, 1978.
- Articles
Al-Kabban (Riyadh A. M.), “The Effect of Deviation Occurring in the Course of a Maritime Voyage on the Liability of the Carrier under the Hague/Visby Rules and the Hamburg Rules, in relation to Certain Countries”, A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Glasgow, 1988.
Lennon (Margaret M.), “Deviation Then and Now- Where COGSA’s per Package Limitation Is Lost”, St. John’s Law Review, vol. 76, 2006, N. 2.
Morgan Jr. (H.S.), “Unreasonable Deviation under COGSA”, Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, vol. 9, n. 4. 1977-1978.
Nikaki (Theodora), “The Quasi-Deviation Doctrine”, Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, vol. 35, n. 1, 2004.
د) فرانسه
RODIERE (René), Traité général de droit maritime, t. 2: Les contrats de transports desmarchandises, Dalloz, 1968.
SAVATIER (René), Traité de la responsabilité civile en droit français, t. I, 2e éd., LGDJ 1951.
Veaux-Fournerie (Paulette), Veaux (Daniel) et Toure (Barham), JC Transports, Fasc 1266: Responsabilité de transporteur, Régime interne, Règles de fond, 2004.
Izanloo, M. (2017). The Doctrine of Deviation in Maritime Law: A Comparative Study of Iranian, French, English, American Laws and International Conventions. International Law Review, 34(56), 111-140. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2017.25167
MLA
Mohssen Izanloo. "The Doctrine of Deviation in Maritime Law: A Comparative Study of Iranian, French, English, American Laws and International Conventions". International Law Review, 34, 56, 2017, 111-140. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2017.25167
HARVARD
Izanloo, M. (2017). 'The Doctrine of Deviation in Maritime Law: A Comparative Study of Iranian, French, English, American Laws and International Conventions', International Law Review, 34(56), pp. 111-140. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2017.25167
VANCOUVER
Izanloo, M. The Doctrine of Deviation in Maritime Law: A Comparative Study of Iranian, French, English, American Laws and International Conventions. International Law Review, 2017; 34(56): 111-140. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2017.25167
)