One of the issues to determine the limits of international sanctions is the “proportionality principle”. In fact, this principle has a key role in presenting a real impression about the legal aspects of unilaterally imposed sanctions. However, this notion has not been properly clarified in the doctrine and the international jurisprudence. The ambiguity has given rise to abuse of rights by powerful States. This article illustrates the principle of proportionality to the readers. In this article, our focus is on the legal sources of this notion: International case law & State practice. The aim is to avoid a political approach and to transmit a pure legal perception to recognize the real limits of States and international organizations to impose unilateral measures on other international community actors.
مرادی برلیان، مهدی؛ اصل تناسب در نظام حقوقی اتحادیه اروپایی با نگاهی به آرای دیوان عدالت اداری ایران، خرسندی، 1392.
ـ مقاله
حبیبی، همایون و صالحه رمضانی؛ «استفاده از سپر انسانی به مثابه جنایت جنگی»، مجله پژوهشهای حقوقی، شماره 26، نیمسال دوم 1393.
حدادی، مهدی؛ «تحریم بینالمللی: ابزار سیاست ملی یا ضمانت اجرایی بینالمللی»، مجله اندیشههای حقوقی، شماره 3، بهار و تابستان 1382.
راعی دهقی، مسعود؛ «اقدام متقابل و حقوق بینالملل»، مجله معرفت، شماره 165، 1390.
شایگان، فریده؛ «نقش محدودیت زمانی در تحول سیاست سانکسیونهای غیرنظامی شورای امنیت»، فصلنامه حقوق دانشکده حقوقوعلومسیاسی دانشگاه تهران، دوره 39، شماره 1، بهار 1388.
شریفی خضارتی، امیر؛ «ضرورت یا اضطرار در حقوق جزای اسلام»، مجله دادگستر، شماره 34، خرداد و تیر 1388.
فرخسیری، منصور؛ «محدودیت حقوقی شورای امنیت در اعمال تحریمهای اقتصادی»، مجله حقوقی بینالمللی، شماره 39، 1387.
کوشا، جعفر؛ «اصل تناسب جرم و مجازات در حقوق بینالملل کیفری»، مجله تحقیقات حقوقی، شماره 7، 1390.
ممتاز، جمشید؛ «انطباق تحریمهای اقتصادی شورای امنیت با حقوق بشر و حقوق بشردوستانه»، فصلنامه حقوق، شماره 4، 1387.
منظور، داوود و منوچهر مصطفیپور؛ «بازخوانی تحریمهای ناعادلانه: ویژگیها، اهداف و اقدامات»، فصلنامه سیاستهای مالی و اقتصادی، شماره 2، 1392.
ب) انگلیسی
- Books
Carraza, Mario, E, South Asian Security and International Nuclear Order: Creating a Robust Indian-Pakistani Nuclear Arms Control Regime, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2013.
Cortight, O. & Lopez, G. A., The Sanctions Decade: Assessing U.N. Sanctions in the 1990s, London: Blouder, 2000.
Crawford, James, The International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility: Introduction, Text and Commentaries, London: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Focarelli, Carlo, International Law as Social Construct: The Struggle for Global Justice, London: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Elagab, O. Y., The Legality of Non-Forceable Counter-Measure in International Law, Oxford, 1988.
Gilbert, Goeff, Responding to International Crime, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff, 2006.
Meghan L. O’Sullivan, Shrewd Sanctions, Brooking Institutions Press, Washington D. C., 2003.
Tan, Er-Win, The US versus the North Korean Nuclear Threat: Mitigating the Nuclear Security Dilemma, Routledge, 2013.
Tom, Ruys, Armed Attack and Article 51 of the UN Charter, London: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
R. Kolb, La bonne foi en droit international public, PUF Paris, 2000.
Pilat, F. Joseph & Nathan E. Busch, Routledge Handbook of Nuclear Proliferation and Policy, Routledge, 2015.
Shaw, N. Malcom, International Law, London, 6th edition, 2008.
Weller, Marc, The Oxford Handbook of the Use of Force in International Law, Oxford University Press, 2015.
- Articles
Abi-Saab, G., “The Concept of Sanction in International Law”, in: United Nations Sanctions and International Law, Vera Gowll and Debbas, Kluwer Law International, 2001.
David, Kretzmer, “The Inherent Right to Self-Defense and Proportionality in Jus Ad Bellum”, European Journal of International Law, 2013, vol. 24, no. 1.
E. D., Brown, “The Lessons of the Torrey Canyon, International Aspects”, Current Legal Problems, 1968, vol. 21.
Ernst, Fehr & Bettina Rockenbach, “Detrimental Effects of Sanctions on Human Altruism”, Nature 422, March 2003.
Geiss, Robin, “Humanitarian Safeguards in Economic Sanctions Regime”, Harvard Human Rights Journal, vol. 18, Spring 2005.
Herdegen, M., “The Relationship between the Principles of Equality and Proportionality”, Common Market Law Review, 1985, vol. 22.
Mitchell, C. F., “Does One Illegality Merit Another? The Law of Belligerent Reprisals in International Law”, Military Law Review, vol. 3, 2001.
- Cases & Documents
CEDH, Series A., no. 2, 1961.
General Question about Sanctions, S/PV. 4128, 17 April 2000.
Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries, in: Yearbook of International Law Commission, 2001, vol. II.
Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, adopted in fifty-third session of the International Law Commission, (A/56/10) 2001, Boleslaw A. Boczek, International Law: A Dictionary, Scarecrow Press Inc., 2005.
IAEA Issues Final Assessment on “Possible Military Dimensions” of Iran's Nuclear Programme.
ICJ Report, Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungry v. Slovakia), 1997.
ICJ Report, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion 1996.
PCIJ, Series C, 1939, Railway Traffic Case (Lithuania v. Poland), no. 54.
Recueil des sentences arbitrales, vol. II & XVIII.
Adibi, A., & Habibi, H. (2017). The Proportionality Principle in Implementation of Economic Sanctions. International Law Review, 34(56), 189-212. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2017.25170
MLA
Akbar Adibi; Homayoun Habibi. "The Proportionality Principle in Implementation of Economic Sanctions". International Law Review, 34, 56, 2017, 189-212. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2017.25170
HARVARD
Adibi, A., Habibi, H. (2017). 'The Proportionality Principle in Implementation of Economic Sanctions', International Law Review, 34(56), pp. 189-212. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2017.25170
VANCOUVER
Adibi, A., Habibi, H. The Proportionality Principle in Implementation of Economic Sanctions. International Law Review, 2017; 34(56): 189-212. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2017.25170