In this article, the limitations of the parties to a contract in choosing the governing law have been investigated by conducting a comparative analysis on civilized systems and regional and international conventions. The purpose of the current article is to determine the limitations and exclusions of applicable law after proving the law of autonomy of will in Iranian legal system. However, we are convinced that parties to a contract cannot stipulate whatever they want in the contract. Therefore, choosing the governing law of the contract, non-national legal rules especially unwritten customs, general principles of law and indefinite law as the applicable law for contract is incorrect. In contrast, choosing international and regional contracts, unrelated law to the contract, changing the selected law and also determining various laws, provided that do not contradict one another, are permitted. In addition to limitations of parties in terms of choosing the law, governing the chosen law on contractual relationship faces with some exclusions in the way that the chosen law of parties does not contain laws of procedure, capacity and form of contract. Moreover, applicable law should not contrast with public order and binding rules of the forum State or the country that has the close relationship with contract.
________؛ «نگاهی اجمالی به اصل حاکمیت اراده در حیطه انتخاب قانون حاکم بر تعهدات ناشی از قراردادهای تجاری»، مجله دانشکده حقوقوعلومسیاسی، شماره 55، بهار 1381.
جنیدی، لعیا؛ «حقوق قابل اعمال بر تعهدات قراردادی با تأکید بر ماده 968 قانون مدنی»، در: بر منهج عدل، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، 1388.
_______؛ «نظریه حقوق فراملی بازرگانی»، فصلنامه حقوق، دوره 41، شماره اول،1390. شریعتباقری، محمدجواد؛ «حاکمیت اراده بر قراردادهای بینالمللی خصوصی»، دیدگاههای حقوق قضایی، شماره 58، 1391.
لاگارد، پل؛ «حقوق بینالملل خصوصی نوین در زمینه قراردادها پس از لازمالاجراشدن کنوانسیون رم 19 ژوئن 1980»، ترجمه: محمد اشتری، مجله حقوقی، نشریه دفتر خدمات حقوقی بینالمللی، شماره 20، 1375.
لندو، اُول؛ «حقوق بازرگانی فراملی در داوریهای تجاری بینالمللی»، ترجمه: محسن محبی، مجله حقوقی، نشریه دفتر خدمات حقوقی بینالمللی، شماره 4، 1364. نیکبخت، حمیدرضا؛ «مسائل مطرح در قانون حاکم بر قرارداد»، مجله تحقیقات حقوقی، شماره 39، 1383.
______________؛ «ماده 968 قانون مدنی و ماده 27 قانون داوری تجاری بینالمللی»، مجله تحقیقات حقوقی، شماره 32ـ31، 1379.
ب) انگلیسی
- Books
Adams, J. & Schmitthoff, M. C., Schmitthoff’s Export Trade, The Law and Practice of International Trade, 8th ed., London, Steven & Sons, 1986.
Batifful, H. & Lagarde, P., Private International Law, T. II, Paris, L.G.D.J., 1981-1983.
Boggiano, A., International Standard Contracts, Graham & Trotman/Martinus Nijhoff, 1991.
Cheshire, G. C., North, P. M. & Fawcett, J. J., Private International Law, 11th ed., London, Butterworths, 1987.
Dicey & Morrris, The Conflict of Law, 12th ed., London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1993.
Goode, R., New Developments in International and Consumer Law, Ziegel, J.S. (ed.), Hart Publishing, Oxford, 1998.
Langen, E., Transnational Commercial Law, A. W. Sijthoff, 1973.
Scott, A. W., Private International Law - Conflict of Laws, 2nd ed., London, Macdonald and Evans, 1979.
Toope, S. J., Mixed International Arbitration: Studies in Arbitration between States and Private Persons, Cambridge Grotius, 1990.
-Articles
Goldman, B., “The Aplicable Law: General Principles of Law – The Lex Mercatoria”, in: Contemporary Problems in International Arbitration, London, J.D.M. Lew, Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, 1987.
Güçer, S., “Lex Mercatoria in International Arbitration”, Ankara Bar Review, 1, 2009.
Juenger, F. K., “The Lex Mercatoria and Private International Law”, Louisiana Law Review, vol. 60, n. 4, 2000.
Lando, O., “Applicable Law to the Merits of the Disputes”, in: Contemporary Problems in International Arbitration, J.D.M. Lew, Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, 1987.
Mazzacano, P., “The Lex Mercatoria as Autonomous Law”, CLPE Research Paper 29/2008, vol. 04 N. 06, 2008.
Maniruzzaman, A. F. M., “The Lex Mercatoria and International Contracts: A Challenge for International Commercial Arbitration?”, American University International Law Review, vol. 14, Issue 3, 1999.
North, P. M., “Reform, But Not Revolution”, General Course on Private International Law, T. I, R.C.A.L.A, Haya, 1990.
Shmatenko, L., “Is Lex Mercatoria Jeopardizing the Application of Substantive Law?”, Czech (& Central European) Yearbook of Arbitration, vol. III, 2013.
Stoecker, C. W. D., “The Lex Mercatoria: To What Extent Does It Exist?” Journal of International Arbitration, vol. 7. No. 3, 1990.
Vicher, F., "General Course on Private International Law", Recueil des Cours, vol. 232, 1992-1.
-Conventions, Cases and Other Materials
Switzerland’s Federal Code on Private International Law (CPIL) of December 18, 1987 with amended until January 1, 2007.
The Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations (1980).
Boissevain v. Weil [1949] 1 KB, at 491.
CA Paris, 24 avril 1940, 5.42.2.29. Note Niboye.
Cass. civ., 1e 21-621950, Dalloz, 1951, 749, note Hamel.
Compagnie d’Armement Maritimes SA v. Compagnie Tunesienne de Navigation SA [1971] AC 572.
Dubai Electricity Co. v. Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines, The Vojdan [1984] 2 Lloyd’s Rep.
Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I), (presented by the Commission).
Tezortzis v. Monrk Line A/B [1968] 1 WLR.
Vita Food Products Inc. v. Unus Shipping Co. Ltd. [1939] AC 227.
د) فرانسه
-Livres
Batifful, H., Aspects philosophiques du droit international privé, Paris, Dalloz, 1956.
David, R., L’arbitrage dans le commerce international, Paris, Economica, 1982.
Delacollete, J., Les contrats de commerce internationaux, Bruxelles, De Boeck, 1988.
Loussouarn, Y. & Bourel, P., Droit international privé, 4eéd., Paris, Dalloz, 1988.
Articles-
Lagarde, P., “Approche critique de la lex mercatoria”, dans: Le droit des relations économiques internationales:études offertes à Berthold Goldman, Paris, Litec droit, 1982.
Level, P., “Le contrat dit sans loi”, Travaux du comité français de droit international privé, 1964-1966.
Sabourin, F., “Le contrat sans loi en droit international privé canadien”, 19.2 Revue québécoise de droit international, 2006.
Almassi, N., & Shabani Kandsari, H. (2017). Comparative Study of the Limitations of Parties to a Contract in Choosing the Governing Law. International Law Review, 34(56), 9-36. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2017.25164
MLA
Nejad-Ali Almassi; Hadi Shabani Kandsari. "Comparative Study of the Limitations of Parties to a Contract in Choosing the Governing Law". International Law Review, 34, 56, 2017, 9-36. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2017.25164
HARVARD
Almassi, N., Shabani Kandsari, H. (2017). 'Comparative Study of the Limitations of Parties to a Contract in Choosing the Governing Law', International Law Review, 34(56), pp. 9-36. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2017.25164
VANCOUVER
Almassi, N., Shabani Kandsari, H. Comparative Study of the Limitations of Parties to a Contract in Choosing the Governing Law. International Law Review, 2017; 34(56): 9-36. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2017.25164