International Law Review

International Law Review

An Analytical and Critical Analysis of International Instruments Governing Liability and Compensation of Oil Pollution Caused by Maritime Transport

Document Type : academic

Authors
Hassan Badini 1
Mahmood Jafari Chaleshtori 2
1 Associate Professor in Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Tehran University
2 Ph.D. student of Private Law at Tarbiat Modarres University
10.22066/cilamag.2018.31684
Abstract
Abstract
Oil is one of the most important environmental pollutants which is mostly transported across the sea. The marine environment is always at risk of contamination. Given the incidents that occurred during recent years, global society gradually developed and approved international instruments to address the issue of offshore oil pollution liability and compensation for relevant damages. At the same time, some instruments are approved which require compliance with the standards whether in transport or on ships and their agents and try to prevent accidents or collaborate to mitigate the harmful effects. In this paper, in addition to the classification and introduction of international instruments in this field, it has been tried to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of these instruments and compare them. The 1969 Convention on Civil Liability is extremely important in this regard because many of the instruments that have been approved after this date while maintaining its principles are more to complete its shortcomings.
Keywords
Keywords: Liability for Oil Pollution
International Instruments
Marine Transport
Civil Liability Convention

  • الف. فارسی

    • ایزانلو، محسن و امین درگاهی؛ «مروری بر اسناد بین‌المللی نظام عام تحدید کلی مسئولیت در حقوق دریایی»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق خصوصی، دوره ۴۴، شماره ۴، زمستان ۱۳۹۳.

    • درخشان، مسعود؛ «توسعه پوشش‌های بیمه‌ای در صنایع نفت و گاز و پتروشیمی»، مجله گستره انرژی، سال ۴، شماره ۴۵، ۱۳۸۹.
    • سیفی قره­یتاق، داود، وحید حسنی و محمد مهدی­پور؛ «بیمه اجباری مسئولیت مدنی صاحبان کشتی در آلودگی‌های نفتی با تأکید بر کنوانسیون مسئولیت مدنی ۱۹۶۹ با اصلاحات بعدی»، پژوهشنامه­ بیمه، شماره ۱، بهار ۱۳۹۴.
    • ابتکار، تقی؛ «فرازهایی از روند اولین کنفرانس بین‌المللی بررسی علمی اثرات نشت نفت در خلیج‌فارس»، 1363، دانشگاه تهران.
    • دبیری، فرهاد و سید عباس پورهاشمی و مریم­السادات موسوی؛ «بررسی جبران خسارات وارده به محیط‌زیست ناشی از آلودگی‌های فرامرزی و تخریب بین‌المللی محیط‌زیست»، فصلنامه انسان و محیط‌زیست، دوره 8، شماره 1، ۱۳۸۹.
    • سیدی، مهرداد؛ «مسئولیت مدنی خسارات آلودگی نفتی در دریای آزاد»، مجله حقوقی، نشریه دفتر خدمات حقوقی بین­المللی، شماره ۱۰، ۱۳۶۸.

     

    ب. انگلیسی

    - Books and Articles

    • Becker, G., “A Short Cruise on the Good Ships TOVALOP and CRISTAL”, Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, vol. 5, 1974.
    • Birnie, P. and Boyle, A., International Law and the Environment, London, Oxford University Press, 2002.
    • Brans, E., Liability for Damage to Public Natural Resources: Standing, Damage and Damage Assessment, Kluwer Law International, 2001.
    • ­Garick, J., “Crisis in the Oil Industry: Certificates of Financial Responsibility and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990”, Marine Policy, vol. 17, 1993.
    • Hui, WANG, “Civil Liability for Marine Oil Pollution Damage: A Comparative and Economic Study of the International, US and the Chinese Compensation Regime”, Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2011.

     

    • Johnston, D. (ed.), The Environmental Law of the Sea, International Union for Conservation of Nature andNatural Resources (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland, 1981.
    • Kim, I., “Ten Years after the Enactment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990: A Success or Failure”, Marine Policy, vol. 26, 2002.
    • Krishna Kiran, R. Bhanu, “Liability and Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage: An Examination of IMO Conventions”, NUJS Law Review, 2010.
    • Shahabasian, Mahdi, “Oil Pollution Liability Insurance in Marine Transport”, Jurnal UMP Social Sciences and Technology Management, vol. 3, Issue. 2, 2015.
    • Mankabady, Samir, and International Maritime Organization, International Shipping Law: IMO Rules, vol. 1, London: Euromoney, 1991.
    • Molenaar, E. J., Coastal State Jurisdiction over Vessel-Source Pollution, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 1998.
    • Özçayir, Z.O., “Flags of Convenience and the Need for International Co-operation: AView from the Bosphorus”, International Maritime Law, vol. 7, 2003.
    • Sweeney, J., “Oil Pollution of the Oceans”, Fordham Law Review, vol. 37, 1968.
    • Tanikawa, H., “A Revolution in Maritime Law: A History of the Original Legal Framework on Oil SpillLiability and Compensation”, The IOPC Funds’ 25 Years of Compensating Victims of Oil Pollution Incidents, IOPC Fund. 2011.
    • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, “Liability and Compensation for Ship-Source Oil Pollution:An Overview of the International Legal Framework for OilPollution Damage from Tankers”, Studies in Transport Law and Policy, 2012.
    • Vanheule, B., “Oil Pollution: The International Liability and Compensation Regime”, European Transport Law, vol. 38, No. 5, 2003.
    • Weinstein, E., “The Impact of Regulation of Transport of Hazardous Waste on Freedom of Navigation”, International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, vol. 9, 1994.
    • Wilkinson, D., “Moving the Boundaries of Compensable Environmental Damage Caused by Marine Oil Spill:The Effect of Two New International Protocols”, Journal of Environmental Law, vol. 5, 1993.

     

    - International Documents

    • Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims 1976 (LLMC(.
    • Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisionsat Sea 1972- COLREGs.
    • ­International Convention for the Prevention of Pollutionfrom Ships 1973.
    • International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 1974.
    • International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage 2001.
    • International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969.
    • International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage ofHazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS) 1996.
    • International Convention on Load Lines 1966.
    • International Convention on Maritime Search andRescue (SAR).
    • International Convention on OilPollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation 1990 (OPRC).
    • International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (1971 Fund Convention).
    • International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships 1969 (Tonnage Convention).
    • International Convention Relating to the Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil PollutionCasualties 1969.
    • International Convention Relating to the Limitation of Liability of Owners of Sea-GoingShips, 1957.
    • Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy of 29 July1960.
    • Small Tanker Oil Pollution Indemnification Agreement (STOPIA) 2006.
    • The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certificationand Watch keeping for Seafarers1978.
    • Tanker Oil Pollution Indemnification Agreement (TOPIA) 2006.
    • Tanker Owners Voluntary Agreement Concerning Liability for OilPollution(TOVALOP).
    • The Brussels Convention on theLiability of Operators of Nuclear Ships of 25 May 1962.
    • ­UnitedNations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS).
    • Vienna Convention on CivilLiability for Nuclear Damage of 21 May 1963.

  • Receive Date 18 September 2016
  • Revise Date 03 October 2018
  • Accept Date 15 February 2017