International Law Review

International Law Review

Compensation for Damages Sustained Due to Illegal Imposition of Sanctions against Persons by the European Union

Document Type : academic

Authors
Navid Rahbar 1
Mohammadreza Narimani 2
1 Corresponding author, Assistant professor of international trade law, faculty of law, Shahid Beheshti University
2 M.A. student of private law, faculty of law, Shahid Beheshti University
10.22066/cilamag.2019.35083
Abstract
Economic and financial sanctions have been among the significant foreign policy instruments used by the European Union (“EU”) throughout the last two decades. These sanctions must be in compliance with binding legal rules and principles contained in EU Treaties and other instruments and in this regard, are subject to the judicial control of the courts of the EU. One of the said principles is the “legality” in theimposition of sanctions. Given the jurisprudence of the General Court and the Court of Justice of the European Union in cases related to sanctions against the I.R. Iran, especially Fulmen and Mahmoudian v. Council and Safa Nicu Sepahan v. Council, this Article seeks to analyze the conditions under which imposition of sanctions might be rendered as illegal, the conditions required for the EU to bear non-contractual liability and the types of Court orders the applicant may seek (annulment of sanctions and compensation for damages).
Keywords
Illegal Imposition of Sanctions
Compensation
The European Union
Restrictive Measures
Right to an Effective Judicial Protection

  • الف. فارسی

    •  ادیبی، اکبر و همایون حبیبی؛ «اصل تناسب در اتخاذ تحریم‌های اقتصادی»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، شماره 56، بهارـ تابستان 1396.
    • افتخارجهرمی، گودرز و علی حاجیانی؛ «عملکرد شورای امنیت سازمان ملل متحد در بوته نقد و ترازوی نظارت عینی»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، شماره 56، بهارـ تابستان 1396.
    • شایگان، فریده؛ «تحریم‌های هدفمند شورای امنیت و حق اشخاص هدف بر دادرسی منصفانه»، فصلنامه حقوق، مجله دانشکده حقوق­وعلوم­سیاسی، دوره 41، شماره 4، زمستان 1390.
    • عابدینی، عبدالله و علیرضا ابراهیم‌گل؛ «بررسی اجرای تحریم در سازمان‌های منطقه‌ای با تأکید بر اتحادیه اروپا»، مجله مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 8، شماره 1، بهارـ تابستان 1396.
    • محبی، محسن و هادی آذری؛ «پاسخ‌هایی جدید به سؤال‌هایی قدیمی: درس‌هایی از آرای کادی»، فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی، شماره 74، تابستان 1395.
    • ·    ممتاز، جمشید؛ «انطباق تحریم‌های اقتصادی شورای امنیت با حقوق بشر و حقوق بین‌الملل بشردوستانه»، فصلنامه حقوق، مجله دانشکده حقوق­وعلوم­سیاسی، دوره 38، شماره 4، زمستان 1387.
    • ممتاز، جمشید و سیروس متوسل؛ «حق بر دادرسی در کنوانسیون اروپایی حقوق بشر»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 46، شماره 4، زمستان 1395.

     

    ب. انگلیسی

    - Books

    • Chalmers, Damian; Davies, Gareth; and Monti, Giorgio; European Union Law, Cambridge University Press, 3rd Edition, 2014.
    • Davies, Karen, Understanding European Union Law, Routledge, 5th Edition, 2013.
    • Jorgensen, Knud Erik, The European Union and International Organizations, Routledge, 1st Edition, 2009.
    • Paul Craig, Gráinne de Búrca, EU Law; Text, Cases, and Materials, Oxford University Press, 6th Edition, 2015.
    • Samore, Gary, (ed.), “Sanctions against Iran: A Guide to Targets, Terms, and Timetables”, Addendum to: Decoding the Iran Nuclear Deal (April 2015), Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, June 2015.

    - Articles

    • Dupont, Pierre-Emmanuel, “Countermeasures and Collective Security: The Case of the EU Sanctions Against Iran”,Journal of Conflict and Security Law, vol. 17, Issue 3, 1 December 2012.
    • Eckes, Christina, “Decision-making in the Dark? – Autonomous EU Sanctions and National Classification”, Amsterdam Centre for European Law and Governance, Working Paper Series 2012-02.
    • Eckes, Christina, “EU Restrictive Measures against Natural and Legal Persons: from Counterterrorist to Third Country Sanctions”, Common Market Law Review, vol. 51, No. 3, 2014.
    • Eckes, Christina, “Sanctions against Individuals – Fighting Terrorism within the European Legal Order”, European Constitutional Law Review, vol. 4, Issue 2, June 2008.
    • Gutman, Kathleen, “Evolution of the Action for Damages against the European Union and its Place in the System of Judicial Protection”, Common Market Law Review, vol. 48, No. 2, 2011.
    • Schiemann, Konard, “The State’s Liability in Damages for Administrative Action”, Fordham International Law Journal, vol. 33, Issue 2, 2010.
    • Schwarze, Jurgen, “European Administrative Law in the Light of the Treaty of Lisbon”, European Public Law 18, No. 2, 2012.
    • James Barber, “Economic Sanctions As a Policy Instrument”, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs (1944-), vol. 55, No. 3, July, 1979.
    • Tridimas, P. Takis, and Gutierrez-Fons, Jose A., “EU Law, International Law and Economic Sanctions against Terrorism: The Judiciary in Distress?”, Fordham International Law Journal, vol. 32, Issue 2, 2008.

     

    - Reports

    •  Mix, Derek E., “The European Union: Foreign and Security Policy”, Congressional Research Service, Report for Congress, R41959 April 8, 2013.
    • Report “Unilateral Economic Measures as a Means of Political and Economic Coercion against Developing Countries”, Report of Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/66/138, July 2011.

     

    - Documents

    • Official Journal of the European Union, “Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union”, C 326/15, 26.10.2012.
    • Official Journal of the European Union, “Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union”, C 326/47, 26.10.2012
    • Council of the European Union, Brussels 7 June 2004, 10198/04 REV 1, PESC 450, “Basic Principles on the Use of Restrictive Measures Sanctions”.
    • Council of the European Union, 11205/12, PESC 716, RELEX 531, “Guidelines on implementation and evaluation of restrictive measures (sanctions) in the framework of the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy”, 15 June 2012.
    • European Commission, Brussels April 2014, “EU Restrictive Meausres”, Factsheet, available at: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press releases/2014/04/pdf/factsheet-eu-restrictive-measures/.
    • European Parliament Fact Sheet 2017, “Common Security and Defense Policy”, Jérôme Legrand, 06/2017, available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/ atyourservice/en/displayFtu.html?ftuId=FTU_6.1.2.html, last visited on 8.29.2017.

     

  • Receive Date 30 August 2017
  • Revise Date 06 October 2017
  • Accept Date 18 November 2017