International Law Review

International Law Review

Analysis of the Nature and Types of Indirect Perpetrators in International Criminal Court

Document Type : academic

Authors
Afsane Ghorbani Darzimahaleh 1
Mahin Sobhani 2
1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Visiting Professor, Department of Law, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.
10.22066/cilamag.2024.2003229.2413
Abstract
The concept of "Indirect perpetrator" is a relatively new concept in International Criminal Law (ICL), finding its first statutory mention in Article 25(3)(a) of the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The ICC has interpreted this term in a certain manner. While the term "indirect perpetrator" has not been explicitly used in the statutes of international courts, different methods of committing crimes have been generally mentioned in the ICC Statute. In order to have a better understanding of its concept, the criteria for establishing someone's liability as an indirect perpetrator should be in question. This study analyzes the nature and types of indirect perpetrators under the ICC framework and precedent in an attempt to answer this question. In conclusion, the study argues that the ICC acknowledges indirect perpetrators and, based on criteria including control of the crime, sentences them similarly to perpetrators and co-perpetrators.
Keywords
Indirect Perpetrator
International Crimes
Control of Crime
Innocent Agent Modality
Criminal Organization

Subjects

  1.        References:

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  • Receive Date 25 May 2023
  • Revise Date 08 December 2023
  • Accept Date 28 January 2024