International Law Review

International Law Review

A Legal Analysis of the Domestic and International Protections for the Houbara Bustard Against Illegal Hunting and Trade

Document Type : academic

Authors
Mostafa Fazaeli 1
Mina Derakhshani 2
Ali Mashadi 1
1 Associate Professor, Department of International and Public Law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom
2 MA student of International Law, Department of International Law, Faculty of Law , University of Qom
10.22066/cilamag.2024.2010541.2439
Abstract
The illegal hunting and trafficking of various wildlife species, which is a leading factor in their destruction, has increased significantly in recent years.The Houbara bustard is an internationally vulnerable species, listed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List, as well as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), a pivotal international instrument for wildlife protection. Additionally, the Houbara has been designated as an endangered species under the Bonn Convention. Safeguarding this vulnerable and valuable Iranian wildlife species has become a pressing issueWhile Iran has enacted various regulations and permitting systems related to the hunting and capture of wild animals, ostensibly in alignment with CITES, numerous challenges remain in preventing the smuggling of Houbara to Persian Gulf countries. This study aims to examine the dimensions and significance of this problem, as well as potential solutions grounded in domestic and international law, utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology based on library research.
Keywords
Houbara
Conservation Status
Endangered Species in Iran
Illegal Trade
CITES

Subjects

  1. - Articles

    1. Adler, Ralph, Mansi Mansi, and Rakesh Pandey. "The Houbara Bustard: A Thematic Analysis of a Bird's Threatened Extinction and a Government's Accountability Failure." Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Accountability (2020).
    2. Dolman, Paul M., et al. "Sustainable Hunting and the Conservation of the Threatened Houbara Bustards." Journal for Nature Conservation 61 (2021): 126000.
    3. Dolman, P. M., R. J. Burnside, K. M. Scotland, and N. J. Collar. "Captive Breeding and the Conservation of the Threatened Houbara Bustards." Endangered Species Research 46 (2021): 161-173.
    4. Hardouin, Loïc A., Y. Hingrat, M. Nevoux, F. Lacroix, and A. Robert. "Survival and Movement of Translocated Houbara Bustards in a Mixed Conservation Area." Animal Conservation 18, no. 5 (2015): 461-470.
    5. Rabier, Robin, Alexandre Robert, Frédéric Lacroix, and Loïc Lesobre. "Genetic Assessment of a Conservation Breeding Program of the Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis Undulata Undulata) in Morocco, Based on Pedigree and Molecular Analyses." Zoo Biology 39, no. 6 (2020): 422-435.
    6. Orubah, Sattar Ahmed. "The Legal Status of Hunting Houbara Bustards by Foreign Dignitaries." LUMS LJ 3 (2016): 51.
    7. Sollund, Ragnhild. "Wildlife Trade and Law Enforcement: A Proposal For a Remodeling of Cites Incorporating Species Justice, Ecojustice, and Environmental Justice." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 66, no. 9 (2022): 1017-1035.
    8. Tourenq, Christophe, Olivier Combreau, Mark Lawrence, Serguei B. Pole, Andrew Spalton, Gao Xinji, Mohammed Al Baidani, and Frédéric "Alarming Houbara Bustard Population Trends in Asia." Biological Conservation 121, no. 1 (2005): 1-8.
    9. Osborne, Patrick E., Frédéric Launay, and Derek Gliddon. "Wintering Habitat Use by Houbara Bustards Chlamydotis Undulata in Abu Dhabi and Implications for Management." Biological Conservation 81 (1997): 51-56.
    10. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, "Chlamydotis macqueenii" (2021).

     

    - Documents

    1. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Agenda 21, chap. 15, "Conservation of Biological Diversity," Rio de Janeiro, 1992.
    2. Convention on Biological Diversity, opened for signature June 5, 1992, 1760 U.N.T.S. 79 (entered into force December 29, 1993).
    3. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, opened for signature March 3, 1973, 993 U.N.T.S. 243 (entered into force July 1, 1975).
    4. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, opened for signature June 23, 1979, 1651 U.N.T.S. 333 (entered into force November 1, 1983).
    5. United Nations Economic and Social Council, Resolution 2013/30, "Strengthening of the Coordination of Emergency Humanitarian Assistance of the United Nations," July 25, 2013.

  • Receive Date 07 September 2023
  • Revise Date 22 July 2024
  • Accept Date 24 July 2024