Nationality is a legal component of the ship's operation in international shipping which is granted by the Flag State and the ship is granted the nationality by flying the flag of the Flag State. There is a fundamental resemblance between granting nationality to ships and granting nationality to the natural persons by a State. On the matter of granting nationality to a natural person, there should be a genuine link between the granting States and the receiving person. In case of a lack of a genuine link between the State and person, other States may refuse to recognize the nationality given by a State on the basis of the judgment of the International Court of Justice. A great majority of the ships operating in international shipping lack a genuine link with their Flag States amounting to a lack of jurisdiction and effective control on the ship by the Flag State and violation of the international regulations by such ships. This paper examines the possibility of applying the genuine link doctrine on the shipping industry and the possibility of the other States refusing to recognize the nationality granted to the ship by the Flag States in the case of lack of a genuine link between them.
صادقی حقیقی، دیدخت؛ پرچمهای مصلحتی و ثبت کشتیها در حقوق بینالملل، پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد، حقوق بینالملل، دانشگاه تهران، 1370.
صادقی حقیقی، دیدخت؛ ثبت کشتیها در حقوق بینالملل با تأکید بر پدیده پرچمهای مصلحتی، سازمان انتشارات کیهان، 1373.
چرچیل، رابین و آلن لو؛ حقوق بینالملل دریاها، ترجمه: بهمن آقایی، چاپ ششم، گنج دانش، 1390.
سون، لویی. بی و دیگران؛ حقوق بینالملل دریاها، ترجمه: محمد حبیبی مجنده، جنگل جاودانه، 1390.
ـ مقاله
مکیزاده، اسماعیل؛ «تابعیت و ثبت کشتی»، ماهنامه بندر و دریا، سازمان بنادر و دریانوردی، سال بیستوششم، شماره 49، پیاپی 184، آبان 1390. ضیایی، سیدیاسر و مهناز رشیدی؛ «تحریم کشتیرانی جمهوری اسلامی از منظر حقوق بینالملل»، مجله حقوقی بینالمللی، شماره 54، بهارـ تابستان 1395.
ـ پایاننامه
ماکان منصوری، علیرضا؛ مسئولیت بینالمللی دولت صاحب پرچم ناشی از ناوبری دریایی، پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده حقوقوعلومسیاسی، دانشگاه شیراز، 1387.
ب. انگلیسی
- Books and Papers
Myron H. Nordquist, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, A Commentary, Center for Oceans Law and Policy, University of Virginia School of Law, Martinus Nijhof Publishers, 1985.
Ronald Becerra Rodríguez, “Flags of Convenience Regulation within the European Union and Its Future on International Trade”, Revista Republicana, no. 11, December 2011.
Ariella, D'Andrea, “The Genuine Link Concept in Responsible Fisheries: Legal Aspect and Recent Developments”, FAO Legal Papers, Online#61, November 2006.
- Reports and Reviews
“What are Flags of Convenience? International Transport Workers' Federation”, available at: https://www.itfglobal.org/en/sector/seafarers/flags-of-convenience.
“Review of Maritime Transport 2009”, UNCTAD: 36. December 2009.
International Labor Organization, “Maritime Labor Convention 2006, Frequently Asked Questions”, Fourth Edition, 2015, available at: www.ilo.org/mlc.
Resolution 60/31 on Sustainable Fisheries, adopted 29 November 2005 (A/RES/60/31).
Report of the Review Conference on the Fish Stocks Agreement, in New York, 22-26 May, 2006 (A/CONF.210/2006/15).
- Cases
The M/V “Saiga” Case (No. 2) (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea).
The M/V “Virginia G” Case (Panama/Guinea-Bissau).
Nottebohm Case, 2nd phase (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala), ICJ, Judgement of 6 April, 1955.
IMCO Case, Advisory Opinion of 8 June 1960 on the Constitution of the Maritime Safety Committee of the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization, ICJ, 1960.
Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited Case, 2nd phase (Belgium v. Spain), Judgment of 5 February 1970, ICJ, 1970.
Advisory Opinion on Nationality Decrees Issued in Tunis and Morocco, PCIJ Series B, no. 4, 1923.
M/V Virginia G, Dissenting Opinion of Judge ad hoc Sérvulo.
M/V Virginia G, Dissenting Opinion of Judge Jesus.
- International Instruments and Conventions
The United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 1958.
The Hague Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws, 1930.
The United Nations Convention on Condition for Registration of Ships 1986.
Report of the International Law Commission, 2004, Fifty-sixth session, Supplement No. 10 on Diplomatic Protection (A/59/10).
Report of the International Law Commission covering the work of its eighth session (N3159).
Summary Records of the 348th Meeting, [1956] 1 Y.B. Int'l L. Comm'n 70, 71,U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/SER. A/1956/Add.1, U.N. Sales No. 1956 V. 3, vol. H.
United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Official Records, Second Committee (High Seas General Regime) at 64, 123 U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 13/40, U.N. Sales no. 58. vol. 4, 1958.
Mirabbasi,S. B. and Hashemi,S. M. (2020). Application of the Genuine Link Doctrine on Granting Nationality to Ships by the Flag State. International Law Review, 37(62), 31-60. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2019.85289.1502
MLA
Mirabbasi,S. B. , and Hashemi,S. M. . "Application of the Genuine Link Doctrine on Granting Nationality to Ships by the Flag State", International Law Review, 37, 62, 2020, 31-60. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2019.85289.1502
HARVARD
Mirabbasi S. B., Hashemi S. M. (2020). 'Application of the Genuine Link Doctrine on Granting Nationality to Ships by the Flag State', International Law Review, 37(62), pp. 31-60. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2019.85289.1502
CHICAGO
S. B. Mirabbasi and S. M. Hashemi, "Application of the Genuine Link Doctrine on Granting Nationality to Ships by the Flag State," International Law Review, 37 62 (2020): 31-60, doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2019.85289.1502
VANCOUVER
Mirabbasi S. B., Hashemi S. M. Application of the Genuine Link Doctrine on Granting Nationality to Ships by the Flag State. International Law Review, 2020; 37(62): 31-60. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2019.85289.1502
