Interception and repatriation of asylum seekers in different maritime zones has been a common practice of the coastal states in recent years. This situation is in contrast with the coastal states' obligations to assist asylum seekers and that the study of its dimensions is one of the object and purposes of this article. The research method is descriptive-analytical and relies on the provisions of the UNCLOS, SOLAS and SAR Conventions. Main research question is what is the Coastal State's international obligations in rendering assistance to asylum seekers and avoiding interception and push back of their ship in different maritime zones? Research findings show that the Coastal State is obligated to cooperate with the ship's Master and its flag State to rescue people in distress at sea, asylum seekers disembarkation and provide them a safe haven in its territory. However, the interdiction of asylum seekers from the Territorial Waters and the Contiguous Zone is justified by the provisions of the UNCLOS and from the High Seas and the Exclusive Economic Zone with bilateral agreements, which however is not an accepted practice.
طلایی، فرهاد؛ حقوق بینالملل دریاها، چاپ پنجم، جنگل جاودانه، 1398.
نجفی اسفاد، مرتضی؛ حقوق دریایی بر پایة قانون دریایی ایران و مقررات بینالمللی دریایی، چاپ یازدهم، سمت، 1398.
ـ مقاله
صالحی، جواد؛ «مسئولیت جبران خسارت به محیطزیست منطقة اعماق دریاها در حقوق بینالملل عرفی و رویکرد متناقض شعبة حل اختلاف بستر دریاها»، فصلنامة مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دورة 49، شمارة 1، بهار 1398.
صفایی، عبدالحسین و محمدکاظم نظارتمقدم؛ «نجات دریایی در کامنلا و کنوانسیون نجات دریایی»، فصلنامة پژوهش حقوق خصوصی، سال 4، شمارة 12، پاییز 1394.
کدخدایی، عباسعلی و ثریا رستمی؛ «چالشهای حقوقی تعهدات انفرادی و مشترک دول عضو اتحادیة اروپا در قبال پناهندگان و مهاجران»، فصلنامة مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دورة 49، شمارة 1، بهار 1398.
کیهانلو، فاطمه و هادی دادمهر؛ «نقض تعهد بینالمللی ایالات متحده امریکا در قبال کاروان پناهجویان امریکای لاتین»، مجلة حقوقی بینالمللی، سال سیوهفتم، شمارة 62، بهار و تابستان 1399.
مقامی، امیر و پردیس صابری؛ «استحقاق پناهندگی؛ رویارویی حقوق بشر و حاکمیت دولت»، فصلنامة مطالعات بینالمللی پلیس، دورة 9، شمارة 37، 1398.
مهدویثابت، محمدعلی و سامان عبداللهی؛ «قاچاق مهاجران از منظر آموزههای حقوق کیفری و ارائة راهکارهای پیشگیرانة اجتماعی (با تأکید بر پروتکل الحاقی علیه قاچاق مهاجران به کنوانسیون پالرمو)»، فصلنامة مطالعات بینالمللی پلیس، دورة 9، شمارة 39، پاییز 1398.
ب. انگلیسی
Books
Mallia, Patricia, Migrant Smuggling by Sea: Combating a Current Threat to Maritime Security through the Creation of a Cooperative Framework, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2010.
Papastavridis, Efthymios, The Interception of Vessels on the High Seas; Contemporary Challenges to the Legal Order of the Oceans, Hart Publishing. 2013.
Rothwell, R. Donald and Tim Stephens, The International Law of the Sea, Hart Publishing. 2010.
- Articles
Coppens, Jasmine and Eduard Somers, “Towards New Rules on Disembarkation of Persons Rescued at Sea?”, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Vol. 25. 2010.
Frelick, Bill, "The U.S. Asylum and Refugee Policy; The «Culture of No»", in: Schulz, William (ed.), The Future of Human Rights. U.S. Policy for a New Era, Pennsylvania University Press. 2008.
Galang, P. Leo Arman, “The Outlaw of the Sea: Balancing Navigational Freedom and Maritime Interdiction Practices in the Context of Transnational Irregular Movement of People by Sea”, Ateneo Law Journal, Vol. 61(1). 2016.
Giuffre, Mariagiulia, “State Responsibility Beyond Borders: What Legal Basis for Italy’s Push-Backs to Libya?”, International Journal of Refugee Law, Vol. 24(4), 2013.
Gombeer, Kristof and Melanie Fink, “Non-Governmental Organizations and Search and Rescue at Sea”, Maritime Safety and Security Law Journal, Vol. (4), 2018.
Natalie Klein, “Assessing Australia’s Push Back the Boats Policy under International Law: Legality and Accountability for Maritime Interceptions of Irregular Migrants”, Melbourne Journal of International Law, Vol. 15(2), 2014.
Mallia, Patricia, “The Human Element of Maritime Crime: Stowaways, Human Trafficking, and Migrant Smuggling”, in; David Joseph Attard, Malgosia Fitzmaurice, Norman Martinez and Riyaz Hamza (eds), The IMLI Manual on International Maritime Law: Marine Environmental Law and International Maritime Security Law, Vol. III, Oxford University Press, 2016.
Mann, Itamar, "Dialectics of Transnationalism: Unauthorized Migration and Human Rights", HARV. INT’L L.J., Vol. 54, 2013.
Miltner, Barbara, “Human Security and Protection from Refoulement in the Maritime Context”, in; Alice Edwards and Carla Ferstman (eds), Human Security and Non-Citizens: Law, Policy and International Affairs, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Papanicolopulu, Irini, “The Law of the Sea Convention: No Place for Persons?”, International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Vol. 27(4), 2012.
Pascale, A di, “Migration Control at Sea: The Italian Case”, in; Bernard Ryan and Valsamis Mitsilegas (eds), Extraterritorial Immigration Control: Legal Challenges, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2010.
Trevisanut, Seline, The Principle of Non-Refoulement at Sea and the Effectiveness of Asylum Protection, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Leiden. 2008.
- Instruments
Cuba-United State (1995), Joint Statement on the Normalization of Migration, Building on the Agreement of 9 Sep. 1994, 2 May 1995, 35 I.L.M. 327.
International Maritime Organization (1974), Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS Convention).
International Maritime Organization (1979), Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR Convention).
International Maritime Organization (2004), Guidelines on the Treatment of Persons Rescued at Sea (Rescue Guidelines).
International Maritime Organization (2004), Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea.
Italy-Albania (1997), Protocol Between Italy and Albania to Prevent Certain Illegal Acts and Render Humanitarian Assistance to those Leaving Albania, 2 Apr. 1997, G.U. 15 July 1997, Suppl. No. 163.
Italy-Libya (2008), Benghazi Treaty of Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation between Italy and Libya, 30 Aug. 2008, 150 G.U., No. 89.
United State-Haiti (1981), Agreement Effected by Exchange of Notes Regarding Migrants and Interdiction, 23 Sep. 1981, 33 U.S.T. 3559.
United Nations (1982), Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
Salehi, J. (2021). The Interdiction of Asylum Seekers at Sea: Intersection with Coastal State's Obligation in UNCLOS, SOLAS and SAR Conventions. International Law Review, 38(64), 333-356. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2020.129988.1932
MLA
Javad Salehi. "The Interdiction of Asylum Seekers at Sea: Intersection with Coastal State's Obligation in UNCLOS, SOLAS and SAR Conventions". International Law Review, 38, 64, 2021, 333-356. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2020.129988.1932
HARVARD
Salehi, J. (2021). 'The Interdiction of Asylum Seekers at Sea: Intersection with Coastal State's Obligation in UNCLOS, SOLAS and SAR Conventions', International Law Review, 38(64), pp. 333-356. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2020.129988.1932
VANCOUVER
Salehi, J. The Interdiction of Asylum Seekers at Sea: Intersection with Coastal State's Obligation in UNCLOS, SOLAS and SAR Conventions. International Law Review, 2021; 38(64): 333-356. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2020.129988.1932