Today, referring to arbitration is a common practice in commercial dispute resolution. One of the conditions incorporated into arbitration agreements is a condition called unilateral, one-sided, optional, asymmetrical and hybrid arbitration clause. The purpose of such a condition is to make both arbitration and judicial proceedings available to the parties so that they can choose the one which best meets their benefits and has more guarantees to enforce a judgment against the other party’s assets. A review of case law in different jurisdictions reveals significant disagreement among courts. While a number of courts have declared such conditions to be either invalid or of essential deficiency, other courts, respecting the parties’ agreement, have treated them as valid and enforceable. Accordingly, in this article, in addition to a review of the reasons for invalidity of these conditions, a theory is studied which considers these conditions valid unless inconsistent with public order, commutative justice, equity or mutuality of obligations. Of course, each of these reasons, in accordance with the applicable law governing the contract will prevent the validity of these clauses.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ؛ ترمینولوژی حقوق، چاپ نوزدهم، گنج دانش، 1387.
کاتوزیان، ناصر؛ قواعد عمومی قراردادها، جلد 5، چاپ پنجم، شرکت سهامی انتشار، 1387.
ـ مقاله
افضلی قادری، فریبا؛ «بررسی احکام و آثار عقد معلّق در فقه و حقوق موضوعه»، مجله فقه و حقوق خانواده، شماره 37 و 38، بهارـ تابستان 1384.
باقری، محمود و مرجان فاضلی؛ «حمایت از مصرف‌کننده در قراردادهای بیمه بر اساس عدالت معاوضی»، مجله مجلس و راهبرد، سال بیستم، شماره 74، تابستان 1392.
صفایی، سید‌حسین؛ «نگاهی دیگر به ضابطه کفایت علم اجمالی در «مورد معامله» تفسیر ماده 216 قانون مدنی بر مبنای قاعده غرر»، فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی، دوره 15، شماره 3، تابستان 1391.
ـ پایان‌نامه
شجاعی واجنانی، محسن؛ تحلیل حقوقی و فقهی ماهیت شرط ضمن عقد، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه قم، 1385.
ب. انگلیسی
- Books
Micklitz, Hans; Jules Stuyck and Evelyne Terryn E., Cases Materials and Text on Consumer Law, Oxford-Portland, 2010.
Miller, John, Consumer and Trading Law (Text, Cases and Materials), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.
West's Encyclopedia of American Law, West Group Publishing; Second edition, July 1997.
- Articles
Marie Bérard, James Dingley and Melissa Brown, “Unilateral Option Clauses in Arbitration: an International Overview”, Clifford Chance LLP, London, Association of Corporate Counsel. 2017.
David Horton, “Unconscionability War”, Northwestern University Law Review, vol. 105, No. 1, 2012.
Deyan. Draguiev, “Unilateral Jurisdiction Clauses: The Case for Invalidity, Severability or Enforceability”. Journal of International Arbitration, vol. 31, No. 1, 2014.
Hans Smit, “The Unilateral Arbitration Clause: A Comparative Analysis”, Hans Smit and Juris Publishing, Inc. American Review of International Arbitration, vol. 20, No. 3, 2009.
James, Simon, “Another Knock for Unilateral Jurisdiction Clauses in Europe”, Clifford Chance, May 2015.
Karim Youssef, “The Death of Inarbitrability”, in Arbitrability: Internatonal and Comparative Perspectives, L. A. Mistelis, S. L. Brekoulakis eds, Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2009.
Kaufman, Arthur M., & Babbitt, Ross M., “The Mutuality Doctrine in the Arbitration Agreements: The Elephant in the Road”, 22 Franchise L. J. 101, 2002.
Nesbitt, Simon and Quinlan, Henry, “The Status and Operation of Unilateral or Optional Arbitration Clauses”, Arbitration International, vol. 22, No. 1, 2006.
Oliphant, Herman, “Mutuality of Obligation in Bilateral Contracts”, Columbia Law Review, vol. 25, No. 6, Jan. 1925.
Perenyiova, Judita, “Unilateral Option Clauses in Commercial Arbitration”, LL.M short thesis, Central European University, 2014.
Siubhan, Magee, and Mulholland, Judith, “The Enforceability of Arbitration Awards Made Pursuant to Unilateral Jurisdiction Clauses”, Mealey’s International Arbitration Report, vol. 28.
Scherer, Maxi; Lange, Sophia, “The French Rothschild Case: A Threat for Unilateral Dispute Resolution Clauses?”, Journal of International Arbitration, WilmerHale & Queen Mary University of London, July 18, 2013.
Sarbazian, M., & Rostamzad Asli, S. (2019). Validity of Unilateral Jurisdiction Clauses in the International Commercial Arbitration. International Law Review, 36(60), 357-380. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2019.35088
MLA
Majid Sarbazian; Soroush Rostamzad Asli. "Validity of Unilateral Jurisdiction Clauses in the International Commercial Arbitration". International Law Review, 36, 60, 2019, 357-380. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2019.35088
HARVARD
Sarbazian, M., Rostamzad Asli, S. (2019). 'Validity of Unilateral Jurisdiction Clauses in the International Commercial Arbitration', International Law Review, 36(60), pp. 357-380. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2019.35088
VANCOUVER
Sarbazian, M., Rostamzad Asli, S. Validity of Unilateral Jurisdiction Clauses in the International Commercial Arbitration. International Law Review, 2019; 36(60): 357-380. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2019.35088
)