Sanctioning Iranian National Media Journalists in International Law (Original Research)

- Books

1. Bychawska-Siniarska, Dominika. Protecting the Right to Freedom of Expression Under the European Convention on Human Rights; A handbook for legal practitioners. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2017.
2. Gunnar Bernburg, Jón. “Labeling theory.” In Handbook on Crime and Deviance, edited by Marvin D. Krohn, Alan Lizotte & Gina Penly Hall, 187-207. New York: Springer, 2009.
3. Van Kempen, Piet Hein. “Introduction - Criminal Law and Human Rights”, In Criminal Law and Human Rights, the International Library of Essays on Criminal Law, England: Ashgate, 2014.

- Articles

1. Balguy-Gallois, Alexandre, “The protection of journalists and news media personnel in armed conflict.” International Review of the Red Cross 86, no. 853 (2004).
2. Carter, Edward L., “Freedom of Journalism in International Human Rights Law.” Communication Law and Policy 25, no. 2 (2020).
3. Drezner, Daniel W. “How Smart Are Smart Sanctions?” International Studies Review 5, no. 1 (2003).
4. Frost, Dominic, “Who Is a Journalist? the Legal Definitions.” Press Freedom Policy Papers: The University of Queensland 1 (2021).
5. Gutsche, Robert E. Jr., “Trump and the Media.” Digital Journalism 7, no. 10 (2018).
6. Hariharan, E. & S. Tharika, “Gross Human Rights Violation – the Enforcement Challenge.” International Journal of Law Management and Humanities 1, Issue 5 (2018).
7. Karimova, Takhmina, “What amounts to ‘a serious violation of international human rights law’?: an analysis of practice and experts opinion for the purpose of the 2013 Arms Trade Treaty.” Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Briefing, 6 (2014).
8. Larsont, Artmur, “The Present Status of Propaganda in International Law.” Law and Contemporary Problems 31 (1966).
9. Liwanga, Roger-Claude, “The Meaning of Gross Violation of Human Rights: A Focus on International Tribunals' Decisions over the DRC Conflicts.” Denver Journal of International Law & Policy 44 (2015).
10. Lopez, George A., “In Defense of Smart Sanctions: A Response to Joy Gordon.” Ethics & International Affairs 26, Issue 1 (2012).
11. Whitton, John B., “Hostile International Propaganda and International Law.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 398, Issue 1 (2016).

- Theses

1. Fournier, Laura M.J., “The Protection of Journalists in Armed Conflict,” Thesis of the Master of Laws, Faculty of Law Ghent University, Academic Year 2013-2014

- Instruments

1. American Convention on Human Rights
2. Andrey Rikhter, “International law and policy on disinformation in the context of freedom of the media, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office of the Representative on Freedom of the Media, Vienna, May 2021.
3. Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.
4. Consideration of reports submitted by States Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant: Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee. CCPR/C/79/Add.116. November 1999.
5. Convention on the Rights of the Child.
6. Council Regulation (EU) No 235/2011 of 12 April 2011 concerning restrictive measures directed against certain persons, entities, and bodies in view of the situation in Iran.
7. Council Regulation (EU) No 359/2011 of 12 April 2011 concerning restrictive measures directed against certain persons, entities, and bodies in view of the situation in Iran.
8. Definition of Gross and Large-scale Violations of Human Rights as an International Crime, on Human Rights, Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Working Paper submitted by Mr. Stanislav Chemichenko in accordance with Sub-Comm. decision 1992/109, 14, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/10 (June 8, 1993).
9. Department Of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control, federalregister.gov/d/2022-25301.
10. Eradicating impunity for serious human rights violations, Guidelines and reference texts, Directorate General of Human Rights and Rule of Law Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 2011.
11. European Convention on Human Rights.
12. Frank La Rue, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, UNGA Human Rights Council, 20th Sess, Res A/HRC/20/17, 4 June 2012.
13. Freedom of Expression as a Human Right, Briefing Note Series on Freedom of Expression, Centre for Law and Democracy International Media Support (IMS), 2014.
14. General Comment 34 on the article 19 of ICCPR (2011).
15. Guide on Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, right to a fair trial, Council of Europe/European Court of Human Rights, 2022.
16. Human Rights Council Resolution (A/HRC/45/L.42/Rev.1) on the Safety of Journalists (2020).
17. Human Rights Council Resolution (A/HRC/47/L.22) on the promotion, protection, and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet (2021).
18. Human Rights Council Resolution (A/HRC/RES/21/12) on the Safety of Journalists (2012).
19. Human Rights Council Resolution (A/HRC/RES/27/5) on the Safety of Journalists (2014).
20. Human Rights Council Resolution (A/HRC/RES/33/2) on the Safety of Journalists (2016).
21. Human Rights Council Resolution (A/HRC/RES/39/6) on the Safety of Journalists (2018).
22. ILC Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for International Wrongful Acts, (2001).
23. Inter-American Court of Human Rights Advisory Opinion Oc-5/85 Of November 13, 1985.
24. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.
25. International Convention on The Safety and Independence of Journalists and Other Media Professionals.
26. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).
27. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).
28. Jansen Calamita, Sanctions, Countermeasures and Human Rights, Event Report, British Institute of International and Comparative Law (BIICL), 2014.
29. Johannesburg Principles on National Security, Freedom of Expression and Access to Information. Adopted on 1 October 1995. Principle 6. http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/johannesburg.html#6
30. Official Journal of the European Union L 318 I, Volume 65, 12 December 2022.
31. PDC Decision on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity (2020).
32. Special Economic Measures (Iran) Regulations, SOR/2010-165, Registration 2010-07-22.
33. Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List (SDN)
34. Tamsin, Mitchell, “Safety of journalists in non-EU countries: state and non-state protection mechanisms and the role of the EU,” In-Depth Analysis Requested by the DROI Subcommittee (2022).
35. The code of conduct, the main principles of UK and Irish journalism, 1936.
36. The Effect of Reservations on Entry into Force of the American Convention on Human Rights, 1982.
37. The Hague Commitment to increase the Safety of Journalists, On 9 December 2020.
38. Toby Dershowitz & Talia Katz, Torture TV The Case for Sanctions on the Islamic Republic of Iran’s State-Run Media, FDD Press, Foundation for Defense of Democracies Washington, DC, February 2020.
39. UN - The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
40. UN Commission on Human Rights - Human Rights Resolution 2005/81: Impunity (2005).
41. UN Commission on Human Rights. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Mr. Abid Hussain, submitted in accordance with Commission resolution 1999/36. E/CN.4/2000/63. 18 January 2000. §205. http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f3e10.html.
42. UN General Assembly Resolution (A/C.3/72/L.35/Rev.1) on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity (2017).
43. UN General Assembly Resolution (A/RES/68/163) on Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity (2013).
44. UN General Assembly Resolution (A/RES/69/185) on Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity (2014).
45. UN General Assembly Resolution (A/RES/70/162) on Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity (2015).
46. UN General Assembly Resolution (A/RES/74/157) on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity (2019).
47. UN General Assembly Resolution (A/RES/75/101) "Information in the Service of Humanity" (2020).
48. UN rights experts raise alarm over Russia’s ‘choking’ media clampdown at home, UN News (Mar. 11, 2022), https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/ 03/1113762
49. UN Security Council - Resolution S/RES/1738 (2006)
50. UN Security Council Resolution S/RES/2222 (2015)
51. UNESCO 2011th Executive Board Decision (211 EX/5.I.G) on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity (2021)
52. UNESCO 206th Executive Board Decision (206 EX/SR.7) on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity (2019)
53. UNESCO Resolution 29 on the Condemnation of Violence against Journalists adopted during the 29th General Conference (1997)
54. UNESCO Resolution 39 on Strengthening UNESCO leadership in the implementation of the UN Plan of Action adopted during the 39th General Conference (2017)
55. UNESCO Resolution 52 on Major Programme V - Communication and Information (2019)
56. UNESCO Resolution 53 adopted during the 36th General Conference (2011)
57. UNESCO’s Riga Declaration on Better Reporting, Gender Equality and Media Safety in the Digital Age (2015), 48-UN Special Rapporteurs for Freedom of Expression Joint Declaration on Challenges to Freedom of Expression in the Next Decade (2019).
58. Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act (Sergei Magnitsky Law), S.C. 2017, c. 21, Assented to 2017-10-18.

- Websites

1. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/journalist
2. https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/legal_draft/show/1343254
3. Reporters Without Borders, 71 Journalists were Killed in 2013, (2013) http://en.rsf.org/71-journalists-were-killedin-2013-18-12-2013,45634.html Assessed on 1 January 2023.