مسئولیت کیفری مافوق در نقض قواعد و مقررات حقوق بشر و بشردوستانه از سوی مأمورین امریکایی در اشغال عراق

نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه حقوق دانشگاه جامع امام حسین(ع)

چکیده

هدف اساسی از شکل‌گیری دکترین مسئولیت کیفری مافوق نظامی و غیرنظامی به جهت ارتکاب رفتارهای غیرانسانی نیروهای تحت امر خود در حقوق بین‌الملل کیفری، تضمین این موضوع مهم است که آن‌ها برای جلوگیری از ارتکاب جرم به‌وسیله نیروهای تحت امر خود، کنترل مناسبی انجام دهند و در صورت وقوع جرم، به سرکوب، مجازات و گزارش آن بپردازند. مبنای نظری مسئولیت کیفری مافوق، هر چه باشد، نتیجه آن است که آن‌ها به جهت موقعیتی که دارند، مسئول نظارت بر نیروهای تحت امر خود هستند. بنابراین درصورتی‌که بدانند یا می‌بایست بدانند که جنایات جنگی در حوزه تحت مأموریت و از سوی نیروهای تحت امرشان‌ واقع شده یا در حال وقوع است یا به‌زودی اتفاق خواهد افتاد و مانع ارتکاب آن نشده‌ یا آن را به مقام‌های ذی‌صلاح گزارش ندهند یا تدابیر لازم را برای محاکمه و مجازات متخلفین اتخاذ نکرده باشند، دارای مسئولیت کیفری هستند. مقاله حاضر، ضمن تبیین اجمالی شکل‌گیری مسئولیت کیفری مافوق در حقوق بین‌الملل کیفری و همچنین روند تکاملی آن در آرای دادگاه‌ها، به شرایط تحقق این مسئولیت نیز دقت کرده و به‌طور مختصر، نقض مقررات حقوق بشر و حقوق بشردوستانه به‌وسیله نیروهای امریکایی را در عراقِ تحت اشغال بررسی و ثابت می‌کند که بر اساس هنجار‌های پذیرفته‌شده بین‌المللی، فرماندهان نظامی و مافوق‌های غیرنظامی امریکاییِ درگیر تهاجم به عراق و اشغال این کشور، نسبت به جرائم ارتکابی نیروهای مادون خود، مسئولیت کیفری دارند و محاکم صالح ملی و بین‌المللی باید آن‌ها را تعقیب، محاکمه و مجازات کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Superior Criminal Responsibility for Violations of Human Rights and Humanitarian Rules and Regulations of the US Forces in the Occupation of Iraq

نویسنده [English]

  • Sohrab Salami
چکیده [English]

The main purpose of the doctrine of superior criminal responsibility for inhuman treatment by the military and civilian-led forces in international criminal law is to ensure that they have adequate controls to prevent crimes committed by troops under their command and in committal of crimes, they make suppression, punishment and prepare a report thereof. The theoretical basis of superior criminal responsibility, after all, is that they are in a position which makes them responsible for supervising the troops under their command. Hence, if the superiors are aware of the war crimes occuring in the area of their mission and commited by the troops under their control, and they fail to prevent or report it to the competent authorities or hesitate to take the necessary measures to prosecute and punish the offenders, they will have penal responsibility. This article contains a brief explanation of the formation of superior criminal responsibility under international law as well as its evolutive process in criminal courts. It also focuses on the fulfillment of this responsibility and briefly examines the violation of human rights and humanitarian law by US forces in occupied Iraq. It also confirms that on the basis of internationally accepted standards, military commanders and the US civilian superiors involved in the invasion of Iraq are held criminally responsible in relation to the crimes committed by their subordinate forces and the competent national and international courts should prosecute and punish them.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Criminal Responsibility of Commander
  • Occupation
  • Violations of Regulations
  • US Commanders’ Failure

مراجع

منابع:

الف) فارسی

ـ کتاب

  • حامد، سهیلا؛ صلاحیت جهانی، جهاد دانشگاهی، 1385.
  • ساعد، نادر؛ حقوق بشردوستانه و مسائل نوظهور، چاپ دوم، خرسندی، 1389.
 

ـ مقاله

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مجله حقوقی بین المللی

دوره 32، شماره 53 (پاییز و زمستان)
پاییز و زمستان 1394
صفحه 255-286

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 19 بهمن 1394
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 19 بهمن 1394

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