2عضو هیئت علمی دانشکده حقوق و الهیات دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان
چکیده
آلودگی نفتی در دریا به‌صورت ادواری و متناوب اتفاق می‌افتد. چنین حوادثی، توجه حقوق‌دانان و صاحب‌نظران را به سمت خطرات آلودگی محیط‌زیست دریایی معطوف می‌دارد. امروزه سوءرفتار نسبت به محیط‌زیست، مرزهای ملی را درنوردیده و این در حالی است که عملکرد نظام حقوقی بین‌المللی در این زمینه چندان موفق و رضایت‌بخش نبوده است. آلودگی نفتی دریایی، مسئله‌ای پیچیده با ابعاد گسترده است که نمی‌توان بر اساس راهکارهایی محدود و منطقه‌ای با آن مقابله کرد. هدف این مقاله، تبیین و ارزیابی ابعاد حقوقی بین‌المللی مقابله با آلودگی نفتی دریایی با نگاه ویژه به نظام مسئولیت کیفری و سازوکارهای آن است. ناکارآمدی نظام مسئولیت مدنی از یک‌سو و نارسایی‌های نظام مسئولیت کیفری فردی از سوی دیگر، ضرورت دفاع از مفهوم مسئولیت کیفری شرکت‌ها را مطرح می‌کند. از نظر این مقاله، پیوند میان دو نظام مسئولیت مدنی و کیفری و کاربرد توأمان دو نظام مسئولیت کیفری افراد و شرکت‌ها، راهکاری کارآمد در زمینه پیشگیری از آلودگی نفتی دریایی است.
International Legal Aspects of Confronting with Marine Oil Pollution and Criminal Liability Regime
نویسندگان [English]
Mohammad Jafar Ghanbari Jahromi, Negin Shafiei Bafti
چکیده [English]
Marine oil pollution usually occurs sporadically and periodically. The occurrence of such incidents attracts scholars’ attention to the threats of marine environmental pollution. Nowadays, environmental misconducts extend beyond national borders and the function of international law system has not been desirable so far. Marine oil pollution is a complicated concern with extensive dimensions that is not possible to confront with by limited solutions. The aim of this paper is the assessment of international legal aspects of confronting with marine oil pollution with special regard to criminal liability regime and its mechanisms. Deficiencies of civil liability regime on the one hand, and inadequacy of individual criminal liability on the other hand, highlight the necessity of the defense arising from corporate criminal liability. From the prospect of this paper, the combination of two civil and criminal liability systems and also the application of individual and corporate criminal liability are the most efficient solutions for deterring marine oil pollution.
چرچیل، رابین و آلن لو؛ حقوق بین‌الملل دریاها، ترجمه: بهمن آقایی، چاپ سوم، گنج دانش، 1384.
ـ مقاله
· دادگر، یدالله؛ «نقش هزینه Coase و هزینه مبادله در تحولات جدید اقتصادی»، مجله نامه اقتصادی، جلد سوم، شماره اول، 1386.
· عبدالهی، محسن؛ «حمایت کیفری از محیط‌زیست: تأملی بر بایسته‌های حقوق کیفری زیست‌محیطی»، فصلنامه علوم محیطی، سال پنجم، شماره اول، پاییز 1386.
· نادران، الیاس و محمدجواد شریف‌زاده؛ «ضرورت مطالعات میان‌رشته‌ای و افق‌های نوین در مطالعات حقوق و اقتصاد در اسلام: قضیه کوز و هزینه‌های مبادله»، فصلنامه مطالعات میان‌رشته‌ای در علوم انسانی، دوره دوم، شماره سوم، تابستان 1389.
ـ رساله
· رنجبر، حسین؛ مطالعه تطبیقی مسئولیت کیفری نیابتی در حقوق ایران و انگلستان، رساله دکتری حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی، دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، 1391.
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