2دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان
چکیده
یکی از مشخصات حقوق دریایی، وجود نظام محدودیت مسئولیت برای صاحبان کشتی‌های دریاپیماست. هدف اصلی این نظام، توسعه صنعت کشتی‌رانی و سرمایه‌گذاری روزافزون در این حوزه است. در این راستا، کمیته بین‌المللی دریایی،اقداماتی جهت یکنواخت‌سازی مقررات بین‌المللی انجام داده است که منجر به شکل‌گیری کنوانسیون بین‌المللی برای یکنواخت‌سازی مقررات خاص در ارتباط با تحدید مسئولیت صاحبان کشتی‌های دریاپیما 1924،کنوانسیون بین‌المللی راجع به تحدید مسئولیت صاحبان کشتی‌های دریاپیمایی 1957 و کنوانسیون بین‌المللی درباره تحدید مسئولیت برای دعاوی دریایی 1976و پروتکل اصلاحی آن 1996 در این حوزه شده است. ایران نیز در تیرماه 1393 به کنوانسیون تحدید مسئولیت برای دعاوی دریایی ملحق شد. الحاق ایران، گامی مؤثر در جهت پیشرفت صنعت کشتی‌رانی ایران در عرصه بین‌المللی و یکسان‌کردن مقررات مربوط به تحدید مسئولیت صاحبان کشتی‌های دریاپیما بود. مقاله حاضر در صدد است تا در پرتو کنوانسیون 1976 که اکنون ایران عضو آن است، نمایی کلی از نظام تحدید مسئولیت ارائه کند. درعین‌حال، مباحث مقاله، صرفاً به تبیین مفهوم و ضرورت پذیرش نظام تحدید مسئولیت، ذی‌نفعان مشمول و شرایط اعمال آن در کنوانسیون 1976 اختصاص دارد.
The Conditions for the Limitation of Liability of Owner of Sea-going Ships
(The Survey of International Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims 1976)
نویسندگان [English]
Feizollah Jafari1؛ Mehrnaz Mokhtari2
چکیده [English]
One of the characteristics of the maritime law is the system of limitation of liability for owners of sea-going ships. The main purpose of this system is the development of shipping industry and increasing investment in maritime law. In this regard, efforts have been made for harmonization of international rules by International Maritime Committee that has led to the formation of International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to the Limitation of Liability of Owners of Sea-going Vessels 1924; International Convention Relating to the Limitation of the Liability of Owners of Sea-going Ships, 1957; Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC) 1976; and Amendment Protocol 1996 in this field. Furthermore, Iran acceded to the Convention on Limitation for Maritime Claims on 30 June 2014. The accession of Iran is an effective step in the development of shipping industry of Iran at the international scale and harmonizes the rules on limitation of liability of the owner of sea-going ships. In this article, we present the general view of the system of limitation of liability. This will be based on the Convention 1976 that Iran is a member thereof. This study will merely shed light on the concept and necessity of acceptance of limitation of liability, beneficiaries, and the conditions of its application in Convention 1976.
کلیدواژه ها [English]
Maritime Law, Limitation of Liability, Ship-owners, Convention 1976
مراجع
الف) فارسی
ایزانلو، محسن و رامین درگاهی؛ «مروری بر اسناد بین‌المللی نظام عام تحدید کلی مسئولیت در حقوق دریایی»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق خصوصی، دوره 44، شماره 4، زمستان 1393.
Baughen, Simon; Shipping Law, 5th Edition, Routledge, New York, 2012.
Berlingieri, Francesco, The Travaux Preparatoires of the LLMC Convention, 1976 and the Protocol of 1996, 1st Edition, Comité Maritime International, Antwerp, 2000.
Billah, Muhammad Masum; Effects of Insurance's Absence or Presence on Maritime Liability Law with Special Reference to Cargo Liability and Oil Pollution Liability Regimes: An Economics Analysis, Thesis, University of Ottawa, 2009.
Blaskovic, Igor; Certain Legal Aspects of the Himalaya Clause in the Contract of International Carriage of Goods by Sea: a Critical Perspective on Legal Challenges Raised by the Clause under International Uniform Law and General Contract Law Principles, Thesis (Master), University of Oslo, Faculty of Law, 2013.
Bonner, Patrick J; “Limitation of Liability: Should It Be Jettisoned After the Deep-water Horizon?”, Tulane Law Review, vol. 85:1, 2011.
Castillo, Domingo G; “Limitation of Liability in Maritime Accidents: the Philippine Experience”.
Chen, Xia; Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims: A Study of U.S. Law, Chinese Law, and International Conventions, Kluwer Law International, Boston, 2001.
Chitty, John W., “Bareboat Charters: Can a Ship-owner Limit Liability to Third Parties? Answers for Owners Attempting to Navigate the Unsettled Waters in the Eleventh Circuit”, Georgia State University Law Review, vol. 25, Issue 2, 2008.
Cleton, Robert; “Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims”, in: Essays on International & Comparative Law in Honour of Judge Erades, The Hague 1983.
Damar, Duygu; “Willful Misconduct in International Transport Law”, Springer, 2011.
Force, Robert; Admiralty and Maritime Law, Federal Judicial Center Publication, 2004.
Gauci, Gotthard; “Limitation of Liability in Maritime Law: An Anachronism?”, in: Marine Policy, vol. 19, issue 1, 1995.
· Giaschi, Christopher J., “Canadian Law of Carriage of Goods by Sea: An Overview”, Giaschi & Margolis, Vancouver, November 2004.
Katz, Charles D., “Recognizing the Need for International Exclusion of Pleasure Craft from Limitation of Liability Statutes”, Fordham International Law Journal, vol. 6, issue 3, 1982.
Killingbeck, Serge; “Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims and Its Place in the Past Present and Future: How Can It Survive?”, Southern Cross University Review, vo1. 3, 1999.
Lansakara, Francis,“Maritime Law of Salvage and Adequacy of Laws Protecting the Salvors’ Interest”,in: International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, vol. 6.
Li, Kevin X., “Development of Maritime Limitation of Liability in China (1993–2011)”, Hong Kong Law Journal; vol. 42, No. 1, 2012.
Luttenberger, Axel, Rukavina, Biserka, Rak, Loris, “Issues on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damages from Ships”, 12th International Conference on Traffic Science, Slovenian Society of Traffic Science, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Maritime Studies, Portorož, 2009.
Martínez Gutiérrez, Norman A.; Limitation of Liability in International Maritime Convention: The Relationship between Global Limitation Conventions and Particular Liability Regimes, Routledge, IMLI Studies in International Maritime Law, 2012.
Matison, Katie Smith, “Comparison of Shipowners’ Limitation of Liability Schemes”, Lloyd’s Maritime Training Programme.
O'Brien, Robert P., “Admiralty Jurisdiction over Pleasure Craft Torts”, Maryland Law Review, vol. 36, issue 1, 1976.
Qingyue, Xu, “Limitation of Liability the Developments, Problems and Future”, Thesis, World Maritime University, Sweden, 2000.
Røsæg, Erik, “Liability and Compensation with Regard to Places of Refuge”, Thesis, Scandinavian Institute Of Maritime Law, University of Oslo, 2012.
Stephen M. Calde, “An Overview of Maritime Law”, Pennsylvania Bar Institute, 2012.
Taheri, Kourosh, “Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims: Multiple Perspectives and Legal Implications”, Thesis, Lund University, Faculty of Law, 2013.
Tetley, William, “Canadian Maritime Law”, in: International Maritime and Commercial Law Yearbook, 2006.
Van der Puil, John & Van Weele, Arjan; International Contracting: Contract Management in Complex Construction Projects; 1st Edition; Imperial College Press, 2013.
Windahl, Jesper, “Global Limitation of Maritime Claims and The Brussels Regulation”, in: Journal of Law and Economics, vol. XLIV, No. 6, 2009.
http://www.comitemaritime.org/Home/0,271,1132,00.html (last seen 2015/8/12).
ابتدای صفحه