مفهوم مراقبت بایسته در حقوق بین‌الملل و مقررات گروه ویژه اقدام مالی

حدادی, مهدی; مرادیان, بهرام

doi:10.22066/cilamag.2019.87924.1532

مفهوم مراقبت بایسته در حقوق بین‌الملل و مقررات گروه ویژه اقدام مالی

نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

¹ استادیار دانشکده حقوق پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران

² دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل دانشگاه تهران

10.22066/cilamag.2019.87924.1532

چکیده

مراقبت بایسته به معنای هوشیاری لازم در انجام تعهد حقوقی، یکی از اصول حقوق بین‌الملل است که بارها در دیوان‌های بین‌المللی تأیید شده است. علاوه بر زمینه‌های عرفی الزامات این اصل، کشورها آن را در معاهدات بسیاری وارد نموده و در چارچوب تعهدات قراردادی نیز سامان داده‌اند. جایگاه اصلی این مفهوم، در حقوق مسئولیت بین‌المللی است؛ جایی که اجرای تعهدات دولت‌ها سنجیده میشود. اگر دولت در اجرای تعهدات خود فاقد مراقبت بایسته باشد، این اصل مبنایی برای ایجاد مسئولیت خواهد بود. اهمیت این اصل در مسئولیت بین‌المللی ناشی از اقدامات خطرناک بسیار ملموس است.
اصل مزبور در مقررات مالی بین‌المللی، ازجمله توصیه‌های گروه ویژه اقدام مالی نیز وارد شده و الزاماتی را برای دولت‌ها و مؤسسات مالی ایجاد کرده است. مفهوم مراقبت بایسته در دو معنای خاص و عام در مقررات گروه ویژه اقدام مالی به کار رفته است که شباهت‌ها و تفاوت‌هایی با دلالت‌های آن در حقوق بین‌المللی دارد. این نوشته علاوه بر تبیین مفهوم این اصل در حقوق بین‌المللی و مقررات گروه ویژه اقدام مالی، به بیان این قرابت‌ها و افتراق‌های کارکردی و آثار آن‌ها می‌پردازد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Concept of Due Diligence in International Law and FATF Regulations

نویسندگان [English]

mahdi Haddadi ¹
bahram moradian ²

¹ Assistant Professor of Law at Farabi Campus University of Tehran

² PhD student in International Law, University of Tehran

چکیده [English]

The concept of due diligence meaning the necessary vigilance and carefulness in fulfilling a legal obligation is one of international law principles which has significantly been confirmed and emphasized by international tribunals. Despite customary grounds of this principle's requirements, many treaties have incorporated and arranged it in contractual frameworks. The main domain of this principle is in the law of international responsibility, where implementation of states' obligations are examined, and it will be the basis for responsibility if a state fails to behave in accordance with due diligence requirements. As a matter of fact, that state does not observe the necessary carefulness in fulfilling its obligations. The importance of this principle is more tangible in state liability in trans-boundary harms.
The principle of due diligence has entered into international financial regulation, including FATF recommendations, and has created some commitments for states and financial institutions. The concept of due diligence has been used in two exclusive and general meanings in FATF regulations having some similarities and differences with its implications in international law. Despite clarifying the concept of due diligence in international law and FATF Regulations, this article deals with these functional approximations and separations and their effects.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Due Diligence
International Law
Financial Action Task Force
International Responsibility of States
Soft Law
Money Laundering
Financing Terrorism

مراجع

الف. فارسی

ـ کتاب

حدادی، مهدی و سیامک کریمی؛ تعهدات به پیشگیری و اصل احتیاط، از کتاب «مسئولیت بین‌المللی ناشی از اعمال منعنشده»، جیمز کرافورد و همکاران، مجد، 1396.

ـ مقاله

پورهاشمی، عباس و مریم‌السادات موسوی؛ «مسئولیت بین‌المللی دولت‌ها در حقوق محیط‌زیست»، دانشنامه حقوق و سیاست، شماره 15، بهار و تابستان 1390.
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رمضانی قوام‌آبادی، محمد‌حسین؛ «بررسی تطبیقی اجرای اصل احتیاط زیستمحیطی در پرتو آرا و تصمیمات مراجع بین‌المللی»، فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق عمومی، سال پانزدهم، شماره 40، پاییز 1392.
ـــــــــــ ؛ «نگاهی به اصل استفاده غیرزیانبار (پایدار) از سرزمین در حقوق بین‌الملل محیط‌زیست»، علوم محیطی سال چهارم، شماره 4، تابستان 1386.
مشهدی، علی و عطیه شاهحسینی؛ «پیشگیری از خسارات زیست‌محیطی در پرتو طرح 2001 کمیسیون حقوق بین‌الملل مبنی بر پیشگیری از آسیب فرامرزی ناشی از فعالیت‌های خطرناک»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 46، شماره 2، تابستان 1395.

ـ رساله

نجاتیان کاشانی، زهرا؛ وظیفه مراقبت در تحقق اصل پیشگیری، رساله دکتری حقوق بینالملل، دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، 1396.
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ب. انگلیسی

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- Cases and Arbitrations

Alabama Claims Arbitration (United States v. Great Britain), 14 September 1872, United Nations Reports of International Arbitral Awards (UNRIAA),XXIX.
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- Reports and Reviews

Action Task Force, Annual Review of Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories 2006–2007: Eighth NCCT Review, at 4 (Oct. 12, 2007), available at: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/ 2006% 202007%20NCCT%20ENG.pdf.
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