مشروعیت دکترین «هر جا، هر زمان، دسترسی مدیریت‌‌شده» در حقوق بین‌الملل هسته‌ای

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسنده

دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل، پژوهشگر دانشگاه حقوق‌وعلوم‌سیاسی چین

چکیده

این مقاله محدودیت‌های ناشی از حاکمیت قانون را بر سیستم راستی‌آزمایی آژانس بین‌المللی انرژی هسته‌‌ای در کشورهای عضو معاهده ان.پی.تی بررسی می­کند. یکی از مهم‌‌‌‌ترین وظایف آژانس، راستی‌آزمایی و بررسی پایبندی کشورهای فاقد سلاح اتمی به تعهدات بین‌المللی هسته‌‌ای خود، ازجمله عدم انحراف فعالیت‌های هسته‌ای اعلام­شده و فقدان فعالیت‌های اعلام‌نشدة هسته‌‌ای است. هدف نهایی نظام بازرسی کنترل تسلیحات، حصول اطمینان از ماهیت منحصراً صلح‌آمیز فعالیت‌های هسته‌‌ای کشورهای عضو است. برای دستیابی به چنین هدفی، نه نیازی به نقض حاکمیت یک کشور و نه استفاده از زور علیه برنامه هسته‌‌ای آن کشور است. از نظر حقوق بین‌الملل، دکترین «هر جا، هر زمان، دسترسی مدیریت‌شده» می‌تواند صلح و امنیت جهانی را در درازمدت به مخاطره اندازد و حتی تمایل کشورها را برای تولید سلاح اتمی به‌عنوان ابزار بازدارنده در مقابل تهدیدات قدرت‌های جهانی افزایش دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Legitimacy of the Doctrine “Anywhere Anytime Managed Access” in International Law

نویسنده [English]

  • Hedayatollah Shenasaei
PhD in International Law
چکیده [English]

This article seeks to examine the constraints arising from the “rule of law” over the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) verification system within the NNWS. One of the main tasks of the IAEA as an independent intergovernmental, science and technology-based organization is to verify non-nuclear weapon states’ compliance with their international obligations, including the non-diversion of declared nuclear materials and absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities. The ultimate aim of the arms control inspection system is to ensure the exclusively peaceful nature of the nuclear activities of countries. In order to achieve this goal, it does not need either the violation of a country’s sovereignty or the use of force against its nuclear program. From the perspective of international law, the doctrine “anywhere anytime managed access” can jeopardize the maintenance of international peace and security in the long run and increase the willingness of countries to develop nuclear weapons as deterrent against the threats of global powers.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Verification
  • IAEA’s Inspection Scope
  • Unlimited Access
  • JCPOA’s Obligations
  • Section T
  • الف. فارسی

    ـ کتاب

    ممتاز، جمشید و ؛ حقوق بین‌الملل، سلاح‌های کشتار‌ جمعی، ترجمه و تحقیق: امیرحسین رنجبریان، میزان، 1390.

     

    ـ مقاله

    • غریب‌آبادی، کاظم؛ «پروتکل الحاقی به معاهده منع گسترش سلاح‌های هسته‌ای و تأثیر آن بر جمهوری اسلامی ایران»، مجله سیاسی ـ اقتصادی، شماره 190-189، 1382.
    • شریفی طراز‌کوهی، حسین و ساسان مدرس سبزواری، «کاربرد تسلیحات شیمیایی در جنگ ایران و عراق از منظر حقوق بین‌الملل کیفری»، فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق عمومی، شماره 52، پاییز 1395.

     

    ب. انگلیسی

    - Books

    • Black-Branch, Jonathan L.; Fleck, Dieter, Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law: Vol. II- Verification and Compliance, Springer, 2015.
    • Joyner, Daniel, International Law and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Oxford University Press, 2009.

     

    - Articles

    • Joyner, Daniel, “Iran's Nuclear Program and International Law”, Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs, vol. 2, no. 2, 2013.
    • Joyner, Dan, “An IAEA Special Inspection of Parchin?” Arms Control Law (May 2013); https://armscontrollaw.com/2013/05/16/an-iaea-special-inspection-of-parchin/.
    • Knopf, W. Jeffrey, “After Diffusion: Challenges to Enforcing Nonproliferation and Disarmament Norms”, Contemporary Security Policy, vol. 39, iss. 3, 2018. DOI: 10.1080/13523260.2018.1431446.
    • Perez, Antonio,“Survival of Rights under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: Withdrawal and the Continuing Right of International Atomic Energy Safeguards”, VA. J. INT'L L., vol. 34, 1994.
    • Albright, David; Stricker, Andrea, “Enforcing the Iran Deal More Effectively and Holistically; A Response to Recent Analysis by IISS”, Institute for Science and International Security, June 2017.

     

    • Albright, David; Heinonen, Olli, “Verifying Section T of the Iran Nuclear Deal: Iranian Military Site Access Essential to JCPOA Section T Verification”, Institute for Science and International Security, August 2017.
    • Sanders, Ben, “IAEA Safeguards and the NPT”, The 2005 NPT Review Conference, Disarmament Forum, vol. 4, 2004.
    • Sloss, David, “It’s Not Broken, So Don’t Fix It: The International Atomic Energy Agency Safeguards System and the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty”, Va. J. Int'l L., vol. 35, 1994-1995.
    • Javed, Ali, “Chemical Weapons and the Iran-Iraq War: A Case Study in Noncompliance”, The Nonproliferation Review, Spring 2001.
    • Hirsch, Theodore, “Report: The IAEA Additional Protocol What It Is and Why It Matters”, The Nonproliferation Review, Fall-Winter 2004.
    • Mahapatra, Chintamani, “US-Iran Nuclear Deal: Cohorts and Challenger”, Contemporary Review of the Middle East, vol. 3, iss. 1, 2016.
    • Sterio, Milena, “President Obama's Legacy: The Iran Nuclear Agreement?” Case W. Res. J. Int'l L., vol. 48, 2016.
    • Shenasaei, Hedayatollah; Shirvani, Faramarz, “Article IV of the NPT Treaty and Legitimacy of Sensitive Nuclear Activities”, Asian Social Science, vol. 10, no. 3, 2014.
    • Hibbs, Mark, “IAEA Safeguards Development and Russia’s National Interest”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, November 2014. http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/11/22/iaea-safeguards-development-and-russia-s-national-interest-pub-57429.
    • Hibbs, Mark; Persbo, Andreas, “Verification in Iran: 15 Questions and Answers”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, August 2015, https://carnegieendowment.org/2015/08/04/verification-in-iran-15-questions-and-answers-pub-60929.
    • Pitz, Samantha; Fedasiuk, Ryan, “International Support for the Iran Nuclear Deal”, Arms Control Association, March 2018, https://www.armscontrol.org/ blog/2018-03-27/international-support-iran-nuclear-deal.
    • Blanc, Jarrett, “There Is No Crisis in JCPOA Section T”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 2017, http://carnegieendowment.org/ 2017/10/17/there-is-no-crisis-in-jcpoa-section- t-pub-73454.
    • ElBaradei, Mohamed, “Addressing Verification Challenges”, Statement of the IAEA Director General to the Symposium on International Safeguards, October 2006, https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/statements/addressing-verification-challenges.

     

    - Websites

     

    - Reports

    • Islamic Republic of Iran, Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy,NPT Review Conf. 2005, Working Paper No. 50, 2005, http://www.un.org/en/conf/ npt/2005/working%20papers.html.
    • IAEA, Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran, para. 53 (IAEA Doc. GOV/2006/15, Feb. 27, 2006).
    • IAEA Doc. Strengthening the Effectiveness and Improving the Efficiency of the Safeguards System, Annex 1, Report by the Director General, GOV/2784, February 1995.
    • IAEA, Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran, para. 41 (IAEA Doc. GOV/2005/67, Sep. 2, 2005)
    • IAEA, Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran, para. 16 (IAEA Doc. Gov/2005/87, Nov. 18, 2005) See also IAEA, Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran, para. 32 (IAEA Doc. GOV/2006/15, Feb. 27, 2006).
    • IAEA, Road-map for the Clarification of Past and Present Outstanding Issues regarding Iran’s Nuclear Program, para. 1 (IAEA Doc. GOV/INF/2015/14, Jul. 14, 2015).
    • IAEA, IAEA Director General's Statement and Road-map for the Clarification of Past and Present Outstanding Issues regarding Iran's Nuclear Programme (Jul. 14, 2015).
    • IAEA, Final Assessment on Past and Present Outstanding Issues Regarding Iran Nuclear Program, para. 17 (IAEA Doc. GOV/2015/68, Dec. 2, 2015).
    • The Assessment of the British Government, “Iraq’s Weapons of Mass Destruction”, 2002, pp. 14-15. https://fas.org/nuke/guide/iraq/iraqdossier.pdf
    • Permanent Rep. of Indonesia to the U.N., Letter dated Sept. 14, 1994 from the Permanent Rep. of Indonesia to the United Nations addressed to the Provisional Secretary-General of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, U.N. Doc. NPT/CONF.1995/14 (Apr. 6, 1995) http://www.un.org/Depts/ddar/nptconf/162.htm.

     

    - Documents

    • Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, opened for signature on July 1, 1968, 21 U.S.T. 483, 729 U.N.T.S. 161 (entered into force Mar. 5, 1970).
    • Model Protocol Additional to the Agreement(s) between State(s) and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards (IAEA Doc, INFCIRC/540, Sep. 1997).
    • Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015), http://www.state.gov/e/ eb/tfs/spi/iran/jcpoa/ (last visited May 8, 2018).
    • The Structure and Content of Agreements between the Agency and States Required in Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, paras. 71-73 (IAEA Doc. INFCIRC/153, June 1972).