موانع آمره بودن قاعده منع توسل به زور

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

2 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

چکیده

نظریه قاعده آمره، نخستین بار در چارچوب کنوانسیون 1969 وین در زمینه حقوق معاهدات وارد حقوق بین‌الملل موضوعه شد. بر اساس ماده 53 این کنوانسیون، سه شاخص عام‌بودن قاعده، تخطی‌ناپذیری و شناسایی و پذیرش تخطی‌ناپذیری آن از سوی جامعه بین‌الملل دولت‌ها در کل خود، شاخص‌های شناسایی قاعده آمره هستند. از سوی دیگر، باور به آمره‌بودن قاعده منع توسل به زور گسترده است اما سنجش قاعده منع توسل به زور با شاخص‌های فوق، نشان می‌دهد این قاعده را نمی‌توان آمره قلمداد نمود چرا که آمره‌بودن (یا تخطی‌ناپذیری) آن به اندازه کافی مورد شناسایی و پذیرش دولت‌ها در کل خود قرار نگرفته و همچنین این قاعده به­موجب دفاع مشروع و اقدام نظامی بر مبنای مجوز شورای امنیت به­ترتیب قابل اعتذار و تخطی است. اما در مقابل، قاعده منع تجاوز ،به­واقع تخطی‌ناپذیر و بدون استثناست و آمره‌بودن آن به­صورت ضمنی مورد شناسایی و پذیرش دولت‌ها در کل خود قرار گرفته است. بنابراین به نظر می‌رسد قاعده آمره حقوق بین الملل توسل به زور، قاعده منع تجاوز باشد

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Impediments to Peremptory Status of Prohibition on Use of Force

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Abdollahi 1
  • Keyvan Behzadi 2
1 Associate Professor in International Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran
2 Corresponding Author, Ph.D. Student of International Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, k1.behzadi@gmail.com.
چکیده [English]

The theory of jus cogens entered into the international positive law by virtue of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. According to its article 53, there are three criteria for identification of a peremptory norm which are (i) being a norm of general international law, (ii) non-derogability, and (iii) recognition and acceptance of non-derogability by the international community of States as a whole. Furthermore, belief in the peremptory status of the ban on use of force is widespread but an evaluation of the prohibition on use of force based on the above-mentioned criteria demonstrates that the prohibition on use of force could not be considered as a peremptory norm since such nature has not been sufficiently recognized by the States. furthermore, it is derogable and apologetic under Security Council’s authorization to use force and self-defense, respectively. In contrast, the prohibition on aggression is indeed non-derogable and without any exception and also its peremptory nature has been implicitly recognized by the international community of States as a whole. Thus, it appears that the peremptory norm of international law on use of force should be the prohibition on aggression.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Prohibition on Use of Force
  • Jus Cogens
  • Self-defense
  • Collective Security System
  • Positivism
  • الف. فارسی

    ـ کتاب‌

    • فلسفی، هدایت‌الله؛ حقوق بین‌الملل معاهدات، چاپ سوم، ویراست سوم، فرهنگ نشر نو، 1391.
    • کاسسه، آنتونیو؛ نقشزوردرروابطبین‌الملل، ترجمه: مرتضی کلانتریان، چاپ دوم، آگه، 1393.

     

    ـ مقاله

    • زمانی، سیدقاسم؛ «جایگاه قاعده آمره در میان منابع حقوق بین‌الملل»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، شماره 22، بهار و تابستان 1377.

     

    ب. انگلیسی

    - Books

    • Dinstein, Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Cambridge University Press, 5th Ed., 2011.
    • Goldstein, J. S., Pevehouse, J. C., International Relations, Pearson, 2014.
    • Weisburd, A. M., Use of Force: The Practice of States Since World War II, Penn State University Press; 1st Edition, 1997.

     

    - Articles

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    • Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo v. Rwanda), Preliminary Objection, 3 Feb. 2002, I.C.J. Rep., 2002.
    • Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Merits, 27 Jun. 1986, I.C.J. Rep., 1986.
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