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3. Bethlehem, Daniel. “Self Defence against Non-State Actors.” In British Contributions to International Law, 1915-2015, vol. I, edited by Jill Barrett and Jean-Pierre Gauci, 2489-2507. Leiden: Brill-Nijhoff, 2020.
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- Articles
1. Akande, Dapo, and Thomas Lieflaender. “Clarifying Necessity, Imminence, and Proportionality in the Law of Self-Defence.” American Journal of International Law 107, no. 3 (2013).
2. Allain, Jean. “The True Challenge to the United Nations System of the Use of Force: The Failures of Kosovo and Iraq and the Emergence of the African Union.” Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law 8, no. 1 (2004).
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- Cases
1. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Merits, I.C.J. Reports 2005.
2. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004.
3. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Merits, I.C.J. Reports 1986.
4. Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Written Proceedings, Counter-Memorial and Counter-Claim, I.C.J. Reports 1997.
- Documents
1. Charter of the United Nations (adopted June 26, 1945; entered into force October 24, 1945), 1 UNTS XVI. https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ ctc/uncharter.pdf
2. International Law Association, Committee on the Use of Force. Final Report on Aggression and the Use of Force. Sydney: ILA, 2018. https://repository.essex.ac.uk/24215/1/ILA%20Use%20of%20Force%202018.pdf
3. Chatham House, Report No, ILP WP 05/01, 2005, Elizabeth Wilmshurst, Principles of International Law on the Use of Force by States in Self-Defence” https://www.chathamhouse.org/2005/10/principles-international- law-use-force-states-self-defence
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5. UK House of Commons. The Report of the Iraq Inquiry, vol. V. London: Report of a Committee of Privy Counsellors, 2016. https://www.gov.uk/ government/publications/the-report-of-the-iraq-inquiry
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- Dissertation and Thesis
1. Leishman, Lily. “A Compelling Idea: Jus Cogens and the Power of the United Nations Security Council.” PhD Dissertation, University of Otago, 2019.
2. Nilsson, Charlotta. The Legality of Anticipatory Self-Defence in International Law. Master’s Thesis, University of Lund, 2008.
3. O’Meara, Christopher. Necessity and Proportionality and the Right of Self-Defence in International Law. PhD Dissertation., University College London, 2018.
- Online Sources
1. Amanpour, Christiane. Interview with International Atomic Energy Agency Director General Rafael Grossi. CNN, June 17, 2025. https://transcripts. cnn.com/show/ampr/date/2025-06-17/segment/01.
U.S. Department of Defence. Challenges to Military Operations in Support of U.S. Interests, vol. II. Washington: US Secretary of Defence, 2008. https://dsb.cto.mil/wp-content/uploads/reports/2000s/ADA491393.pdf
