مقابله با گرسنگی در نظام حقوق بین الملل: از نقض حقوق بشر تا جنایت بین المللی

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه حقوق دانشکدة علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی (ره)، قزوین

2 استادیار دانشکدة حقوق دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

چکیده

گرسنگی عمدی، نقض حقوق بشر و جنایت بین‌­المللی است که مرتکبین آن طی سال­های متمادی از بی‌­کیفر بوده‌­اند اما اخیراً جامعة بین­المللی اقداماتی برای پیشگیری و مقابله با آن تمهید کرده و ازجمله در اساسنامة رم احصا شده است گرچه مفاد اساسنامه به علت عدم شفافیت در مورد عناصر جرم و به‌ویژه عنصر معنوی و نیز محدودشدن ارتکاب آن به شرایط خاص، مورد انتقاد بوده و توسعة مفهومی آن ضروری است. مقالة حاضر این مسئله را بررسی و تحلیل می­کند که چگونه به­صورت تدریجی و ضمن ارتکاب نقض یک حق بشری مانند حق بر غذا از سوی دولت­ها (با انگیزه­های سیاسی، نظامی و اقتصادی) علیه افراد انسانی، جنایت بین‌­المللی یعنی تحمیل گرسنگی به وقوع می‌پیوندد و اینکه ظرفیت­ حقوق بین‌­الملل ازجمله در نظام حقوق بین‌­الملل کیفری و نظام حقوق بین‌­الملل بشر برای پیشگیری از وقوع این جنایت و راهکارهای مقابله با بی­‌کیفری مرتکبین آن چیست. پاسخ به این مسئله در تضمین مؤثر موازین حقوق‌بشری بسیار مهم و حیاتی است و به‌مرور می­تواند موجب تسریع و تسهیل تعقیب کیفری بین­‌المللی نقض­های شدید و فاحش حقوق‌بشری شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Countering Starvation in International Law: From a Human Rights Violation to an International Crime

نویسندگان [English]

  • Haleh Hosseini Akbarnejad 1
  • Hoorieh Hosseini Akbarnejad 2
1 Assistant Professor of Law, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin
2 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Tarbiat Modares University
چکیده [English]

Deliberate starvation is a violation of human rights and a crime whose perpetrators have long enjoyed total impunity. Recently, however, the international community has taken steps to prevent and combat it, including provisions in the Rome Statute. Although, its provisions have been criticized for lack of transparency about the elements of crime, especially the subjective element (mens rea), or for limiting the commission of that crime to international armed conflict, therefore, its conceptual development is essential. Because of these considerations, the present article seeks to examine and analyze how gradually and by violating a human right such as the right to food by governments (with political, military, and economic motives) the commitment of an international crime as starvation takes place. Also, what is the capacity of international law, including in the international criminal law system and the international human rights system, to prevent the occurrence of this crime and the strategies to combat the impunity of its perpetrators? The answer to this question is very important and vital in the effective guarantee of human rights standards, and over time, it can accelerate and facilitate the international prosecution of serious and gross human rights violations.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Starvation
  • Right to Food
  • International Crime
  • the Rome Statute
  • War Crime
  • Human Rights
  • Genocide
  • Crime against Humanity.  
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