تکامل جایگاه هنجاری توسعه پایدار در نظام حقوق بین‌الملل

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکترای حقوق بین‌الملل دانشکده‌ حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران

2 دانشیار دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران

چکیده

توسعه را می‌توان محصول مشارکت و سهم‌‌خواهی جهان سوم از حقوق بین‌الملل تلقی کرد. در طول سال‌ها، سیری تاریخی در رابطه با تحول مفهومی و جایگاه هنجاری قواعد توسعه در حقوق بین‌الملل قابل مشاهده است. حق بر توسعه که ابتدائاً با اقتصادی و اساساً برای نگاهی صرفاً ایجاد نظم نوین اقتصادی مطرح شد، به‌تدریج به ابعاد مفهومی جدیدی مانند توسعة اجتماعی توجه کرد و پذیرش همین مضمون، بنیانی شد برای طرح مفاهیم دیگر مبتنی بر توسعه، مانند توسعة انسانی، توسعة هزاره و نیز توسعة پایدار. مورد اخیر در قالب الگویی برای سازندگی پایدار با ادغام سه رکن توسعة اقتصادی، توسعة اجتماعی و محیط‌زیست، به نوعی تعیّنِ مفهوم توسعه ‌است. می‌توان تبیین ماهیت توسعة پایدار در حقوق بین‌الملل را یکی از چالش‌برانگیزترین موضوعات در حوزة حقوق بین‌الملل تلقی کرد. این چالش به گونه‌ای از ابتدای طرح مباحث مرتبط با حق بر توسعه در فضای حقوق بین‌الملل وجود داشته و تا امروز در این‌ باره در میان حقوق‌دانان بین‌المللی اتفاق‌نظری شکل نگرفته است. با لحاظ سیر تکاملی و کارکردهای توسعة پایدار، پژوهش حاضر در قالب مطالعة توصیفی– تحلیلی، به تبیین ماهیت و رفع ابهامات در خصوص جایگاه توسعة پایدار به‌عنوان تعهد بین‌المللی در حقوق بین‌الملل می‌پردازد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Evolution of Normative Status of Sustainable Development in International Law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahshid Ajeli Lahiji 1
  • Pouria Askary 2
1 Ph.D in International Law, Department of law and political sciences, Allame Tabataba'i University, Tehran,
2 Associate Professor of Allame Tabataba'i University, Tehran
چکیده [English]

Development could be considered as the outcome of the third-world’s engagement and demand for participation in international law. Over the years, the concept and normative position of the rules of development has undergone a historical evolution. The right to development initially conceived with a purely economic perspective and essential to create a new economic order, gradually took on new conceptual dimensions, such as social development. Reception of these aspects has led to the establishment of new concepts such as human development, millennium development, and also sustainable development. The latter has been regarded as the self-actualization of the concept of development by combining the three pillars of economic, social, and environmental development in the form of a sustainable construction. Explaining the nature of sustainable development has been one of the most challenging subjects in the current international law system in which scholars have yet to come to a consensus in this regard. Considering the evolution and the functions of sustainable development, this article using a descriptive-analytical method tries to determine the normative position of sustainable development as an international obligation in international law.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Sustainable Development
  • Normative Status
  • International Law Principles
  • Customary Principle
  • الف. فارسی

    - کتاب

    • ژانرو، مونیک شمیلیه؛ بشریت و حاکمیت­ها: سیری در حقوق بین‌الملل، ترجمه: مرتضی کلانتریان، آگاه، 1382.
    • عسکری، پوریا؛ حقوق سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی در رویۀ داوری بین‌المللی، شهر دانش، 1394.
    • فلسفی، هدایت­الله؛ صلح جاویدان و حکومت قانون: دیالکتیک همانندی و تفاوت، فرهنگ نشر نو، 1390.

     

    - مقاله

    • اسلامی، رضا و مهشید آجلی لاهیجی؛ «چالش­های توسعة اجتماعی در نظام بین‌المللی حقوق بشر»، تحقیقات حقوقی، شمارة 74، پاییز 1395.
    • شمسائی، محمد؛ «حقوق بین­الملل اقتصادی و اصل توسعة پایدار»، پژوهش حقوق عمومی، دورة 8، شمارة 19، بهار 1385.
    • شهبازی، آرامش؛ «توسعة پایدار یا پایداری توسعه در حقوق بین‌الملل»، مجلة حقوقی بین­المللی، دورة 27، شمارة 42، بهار و تابستان 1389.
    • عزیزی، ستار و سیدمهدی موسوی؛ « پروندة گابچیکوو ـ ناگیماروس: نقش دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری در برجسته‌سازی مفهوم توسعة پایدار»، مجلة حقوقی بین­المللی، سال سی­وسوم، شمارة 55، پاییز و زمستان 1395.

     

    ب . انگلیسی

    A: Books

    • Alvarez, José E., International Organizations as Law-makers, Oxford University Press, New York, 2005.
    • Voigt, Christina, Sustainable Development as a Principle of International Law, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2009.

    -Articles

    • Aseeva, Anna “(Un)Sustainable Development(s) in International Economic Law: A Quest for Sustainability”, Sustainability, Vol. 10, 2018
    • Barral, Virginie, “Sustainable Development in International Law: Nature and Operation of an Evaluative Legal Norm”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2012.
    • Bexell, Magdalena and Josson, Kristina, “Country Reporting on the Sustainable Development Goals—The Politics of Performance Review at the Global-National Nexus”, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, Vol. 20, 2019.
    • Cohen, Harlan Grant, “Finding International Law: Rethinking the Doctrine of Sources”, Iowa Law Review, Vol. 93, 2007.
    • French, Duncan, “International guidelines and principles”, in: A. F. Munir Maniruzzaman, Aaron Schwabach, Arthur John Cockfield, A. Dan Tarlock, John C. Dernbach and Gabriela Maria Kutting (eds.), International Sustainable Development Law, EOLSS/UNESCO, Vol. 3, 2010.
    • Fues, Thomas, Dongyan, Li and Vatterodt, Martina, “The Role of the United Nations in the Global Development Architecture: Steps towards Greater Coherence”, Annual Meeting 2007 of the Academic Council on the United Nations System (ACUNS), June 6-8, 2007.
    • Harris, Jonathan M., "Basic Principles of Sustainable Development", Global Development Institute, Working Paper 00-04, 2000
    • Hukkinen, Janne, “Sustainability Scenarios As Interpretive Frameworks for Indicators of Human-Environment Interaction”, In: P. Lawn (ed.), Sustainable Development Indicators in Ecological Economics, Edward Elgar, 2006.
    • Izzo, Maria Federica, Ciaburr, Mirella and Tiscini, Riccardo, “The Challenge of Sustainable Development Goal Reporting: The First Evidence from Italian Listed Companies”, Sustainability, Vol. 12, 2020.
    • Lowe, Vaughan, “Sustainable Development and Unsustainable Arguments”, in: A. Boyle and D. Freestone (eds.), International Law and Sustainable Development: Past Achievements and Future Challenges, 1999.
    • Safonov, George and Piskulova, Natalya, “Sustainable Development and International Cooperation”, In: Victor I. Danilov-Danilyan and Natalia A. Piskulova (eds.), New Challenges in Sustainable Development for Russia and the World, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018.
    • Sands, Philippe, “International Law in the Field of Sustainable Development”, in: British Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 65, 1994.
    • Schrijver, Nico, “A New Convention on the Human Right to Development: Putting the Cart before the Horse?”, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Vol. 38, No. 2, 2020.
    • Verschuuren, Jonathan, “Sustainable Development and the Nature of Environmental Legal Principles”, Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal, Vol. 9, 2006.
    • Viana, Virgilio M., "Sustainable Development in Practice: Lessons Learned from Amazonas", International Institute for Environment and Development, 2010.
    • Villaroman, Noel G., “An Alternative View of the Right to Development”, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2011.
    • Wang, Tieya, “The Third World and International Law”, in: Selected Articles from Chinese Yearbook of International Law, Bejing, 1983.
    • Williams, Carmel and Blaiklock, Alison, “Human Rights Discourse in the Sustainable Development Agenda Avoids Obligations and Entitlements; Comment on (Rights Language in the Sustainable Development Agenda: Has Right to Health Discourse and Norms Shaped Health Goals?)”, International Journal of Health Policy and Management, Vol. 5, 2016.

    -International Instruments:

    • Appellate Body of WTO, United States -  Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, 1998
    • Brundtland Commission, Our Common Future, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
    • European Union, The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 2000
    • Heads of State and Government of the Americas, Declaration of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, 1996
    • ICSID Fedax N.V. v. The Republic of Venezuela, Case No. ARB/96/3, Decision of the Tribunal on Objections to Jurisdiction, 11 Jul 1997.
    • ICSID Salini Costruttori SpA and Italstrade SpA v. Kingdom of Morocco, Case No. ARB/00/4, Decision on Jurisdiction, 23 July 2001.
    • International Court of Justice, Case concerning the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), Judgment, 25 September 1997.
    • International Court of Justice, Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, 2010.
    • International Court of Justice, South West Africa Cases (Liberia v. South Africa; Ethiopia v. South Africa), Judgment, 18 July 1966, para. 57.
    • International Law Commission, First report on general principles of law, A/CN.4/732, 5 April 2019.
    • International Law Commission, Second report on general principles of law, A/CN.4/741, 9 April 2020.
    • Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Uruguay Round agreements, Marrakesh, 1994.
    • OECD, Good practices in the national sustainable development strategies of OECD countries, 2006.
    • Permanent Court of Arbitration, Arbitration Award regarding the Iron Rhine (‘Ijzeren Rijn’) Railway Case, (the Kingdom of Belgium and the Kingdom of the Netherlands), 27 RIAA, 2005.
    • United Nations General Assembly (1974a), Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, A/RES/29/3281.
    • United Nations General Assembly, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, A/RES/39/46, 10 December 1984.
    • United Nations General Assembly, Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, A/RES/3/260, 9 December 1948.
    • United Nations General Assembly, Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, A/RES/S-6/3201, 1 May 1974.
    • United Nations General Assembly, Declaration on the Right to Development, A/RES/41/128, 4 December 1986.
    • United Nations General Assembly, Identification of customary international law, A/RES/73/203, 2019.
    • United Nations General Assembly, Repositioning of the United Nations development system in the context of the quadrennial comprehensive policy review of operational activities for development of the United Nations system, A/RES/72/279, 2018.
    • United Nations General Assembly, Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1, 2015.
    • United Nations, A/HRC/WG.2/21/2/Add.1, 20 January 2020.
    • United Nations, Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), Rio de Janeiro, 3 - 14 June 1992.
    • United Nations, Conference on Environment and Development, agenda 21, 1992
    • United Nations, Conference on Sustainable Development, A/CONF.216/16, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 20 - 22 June 2012.
    • United Nations, Draft conclusions on identification of customary international law, with commentaries, 2018.
    • United Nations, Financing for Sustainable Development report, Report of the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development, 2020.
    • United Nations, Sustainable Development Goals Report, 2020.